Minggu, 08 Juni 2014



260.     Brownlee, E. F.; Sellner, S. G.; and Sellner, K. G.  (2003).   Effects of barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) on freshwater and brackish phytoplankton and cyanobacteria.   J. Appl. Phycol. 15(6):525-531.  Keywords:  phytoplankton/ cyanobacteria/ barley straw/ Hordeum vulgare.
261.     Broyles, B. and Cutler, T. L.  (1999).   Effect of surface water on desert Bighorn sheep in the Cabeza-Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Southwestern Arizona.   Wildlife Soc. Bull. 27(4):1082-1088.  Keywords:  surface water/ bighorn sheep/ Southwestern Arizona.
262.     Brunberg, A. K. and Blomqvist, P.  (2002).   Benthic overwintering of Microcystis colonies under different environmental conditions.   J. Plankton Res. 24(11):1247-1252.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz emend/ spp. cyanobacteria/ eutrophic lake/ dynamics/ phytoplankton/ sediments/ populations/ bacteria/ shallow.
263.     Bruno, M.; Gucci, P. M. B.; Pierdominici, E.; Sestili, P.; Ioppolo, A.; Sechi, N.; and Volterra, L.  (1992).   Microcystin-like toxins in different freshwater species of Oscillatoria.   Toxicon 30(10):1307-1311.  Keywords:  microcystin-like toxins/ Oscillatoria/ freshwater.
264.     Bryan, P. M. and Potter, L. R.  (2002).   The atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A/GC-A) is dephosphorylated by distinct microcystin-sensitive and magnesium-dependent protein phosphatases.   J. Biol. Chem. 277(18):16041-16047.  Keywords:  Guanylyl cyclase-a/ signal-transduction/ smooth-muscle/ cyclic-GMP/ kinase-c/ desensitization/ binding/ mutant/ domain/ family.
265.     Budd, J. W.; Beeton, A. M.; Stumpf, R. P.; Culver, D. A.; and Kerfoot, W. C.  (2002).   Satellite observations of Microcystis blooms in western Lake Erie.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27(Pt 7):3787-3793.  Keywords:  Saginaw Bay/ ocean/ Huron/ Microcystis/ Lake Erie.
266.     Bumke-Vogt, C.; Mailahn, W.; and Chorus, I.  (1999).   Anatoxin-a and neurotoxic cyanobacteria in German lakes and reservoirs.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):117-125.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ neurotoxic cyanobacteria/ German/ lakes/ reservoirs.
267.     Burger, J. S.; Grabow, W. O. K.; and Kfir, R.  (1989).   Detection of endotoxins in reclaimed and conventionally treated drinking water.   Water Res. 23(6):733-738.  Keywords:  endotoxin/ water reclamation/ active carbon/ water treatment/ ozonation/ chlorination/ effluent bacterial growth.
268.     Burgoyne, D. L.; Hemscheidt, T. K.; Moore, R. E.; and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (2000).   Biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin.   J. Org. Chem. 65(1):152-156.  Keywords:  biosynthesis/ cylindrospermopsin.
269.     Burja, A. M.; Abou-Mansour, E.; Banaigs, B.; Payri, C.; Burgess, J. G.; and Wright, P. C.  (2002).   Culture of the marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula (Oscillatoriaceae), for bioprocess intensified production of cyclic and linear lipopeptides.   J. Microbiol. Methods 48(2-3):207-219.  Keywords:  bioprocess intensification/ cyanobacteria/ lipopeptides/ FTICR-MS/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Oscillatoriaceae.
270.     Burja, A. M.; Banaigs, B.; Abou-Mansour, E.; Burgess, J. G.; and Wright, P. C.  (2001).   Marine cyanobacteria:  a prolific source of natural products.   Tetrahed. 57(46):9347-9377.  Keywords:  bioinformatics/ bioprocess intensification/ cyanobacteria/ genomics/ lipopeptides/ metabolic pathways/ natural products chemistry/ proteomics.
271.     Burlingame, A. L.; Boyd, R. K.; and Gaskell, S. J.  (1994).   Mass spectrometry (review).   Analyt. Chem. 66(12):R634-R683.  Keywords:  mass spectrometry.
272.     Burns, C. W. and Xu, Z.  (1989).   Utilization of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) as food by freshwater calanoid copepods.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24(5):2833.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ food/ copepods.  (Proceedings XXIV Congress Int. Assoc. Limnology—Abstract)
273.     Burrini, D.; Lupi, E.; Klotzner, C.; Santini, C.; and Lanciotti, E.  (2000).   Survey for microalgae and cyanobacteria in a drinking-water utility supplying the city of Florence, Italy.   J. Water Supply Res. Technol.–Aqua 49(3):139-147.  Keywords:  algal removal/ cyanobacteria/ drinking water utility/ monitoring/ planktonic microalgae/ Florence, Italy.
274.     Bury, N. R.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A.  (1995).   The effects of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR, and ammonia on growth rate and ionic regulation of brown trout.   J. Fish Biol. 46(6):1042-1054.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ brown trout/ growth/ ionic regulation.
275.     Bury, N. R.; Mcgeer, J. C.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A.  (1997).   Liver damage in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and rainbow-trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following administration of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR via the dorsal aorta.   J. Fish Dis. 20(3):209-215.  Keywords:  trout liver damage/ Salmo trutta/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR.
276.     Bury, N. R.; Newlands, A. D.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A.  (1998).   In vivo and in vitro intestinal transport of H3 microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).   Aquat. Toxicol. 42(2):139-148.  Keywords:  intestinal transport/ microcystin-LR/ Oncorhynchus mykiss.
277.     Butler IV, M. J.; Hunt, J. H.; Herrnkind, W. F.; Childress, M. J.; Bertelsen, R.; Sharp, W.; Matthews, T.; Field, J. M.; and Marshall, H. G.  (1995).   Cascading disturbances in Florida Bay, USA:  cyanobacteria blooms, sponge mortality and implications for juvenile spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus.   Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 129(1-3):119-125.  Keywords:  Florida Bay/ sponge/ Panulirus argus/ spiny lobster/ disturbance/ cyanobacteria/ artificial shelters/ algal bloom.
278.     Buttke, T. M. and Ingram, L. O.  (1975).   Comparison of lipopolysaccharides from Agmenellum quadruplicatum or Escherichia chromatography.   J. Bacteriol. 124:1566-1573.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ comparison/ lipopolysaccharides/ Escherichia/ Agmenellum quadruplicatum.
279.     Byth, S.  (1980).   Palm Island mystery disease.   Med. J. Aust. 2(1):40-42.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ human health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.
280.     Byth, S.  (1980).   Palm Island mystery disease  [Correction for 1980, 2(1):40-42].   Med. J. Aust. 2(3):170.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ human health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.
281.     Caceres, O. and Vieira, A. A. H.  (1988).   Some features on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa Küetz. emend. Elenkin in ASM-1 medium.   Rev. Microbiol. 19(3):223-228.  Keywords:  growth/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ ASM-1 medium.  (Spanish)
282.     Caiola, M. G. and Pellegrini, S.  (1984).   Lysis of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz) by Bdellovibrio-like bacteria.   J. Phycol. 20:471-475.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria lysis/ Bdellovibrio-like bacteria/ lysing bacteria.
283.     Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de, and Halperín, D. R. de.  (1990).  Antimycotic products from the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum against Rhizoctonia solani.  Phyton–Int. J. Exp. Bot.  51(1):1-4.  Keywords:  antimycotic products/Nostoc muscorum/Rhizoctonia solani.
284.     Caire, G. Z. de; Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; and Halperín, D. R. de.  (1993).   Screening of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds against human pathogens.   Exp. Bot. 54(1):59-65.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial bioactive compounds/ screening/ human pathogens.
285.     Camargo, L. F. A.; Neto, M. C.; Canziani, M. E.; and Draibe, S. A.  (2001).  Water transmissable diseases and hemodialysis.  In: W. M. Scheld, W. A. Craig, and J. M. Hughes (eds.)  Emerging Infections.  ASM Press: Washington, DC, Vol. 5, pp. 121-135, Ch. 8.   Keywords:  hemodialysis/ waterborne diseases/ pyrogenic reactions/ transmembrane passage/ dialysis patients/ risk-factors/ outbreak/ bacteremia/ endotoxin/ quality/ reuse/ permeability.
286.     Campbell, D. L.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.  (1994).   Comparative assessment of the specificity of the brine shrimp and microtox assays of hepatotoxic (microcystin-LR-containing) cyanobacteria.   Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 9(1):71-77.  Keywords:  assessment/ brine shrimp and microtox assays/ microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria.
287.     Campbell, H. F.; Edwards, O. E.; Elder, J. W.; and Kolt, R. J.  (1979).   Total synthesis of DL-anatoxin-a and DL-isoanatoxin-a.   Pol. J. Chem. 53:27-37.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ synthesis.
288.     Campbell, H. F.; Edwards, O. E.; and Kolt, R.  (1977).   Synthesis of nor-anatoxin-a and anatoxin-a.   Can. J. Chem. 55(8):1372-1379.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ nor-anotoxin-a.
289.     Campos, V.; Cantarero, S.; Urrutia, H.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.; Neumann, U.; and Weckesser, J.  (1999).   Microcystin in cyanobacterial blooms in a Chilean lake.   System. Appl. Microbiol. 22(2):169-173.  Keywords:  microcystin/ cyanobacterial bloom/ Chile/ lake.
290.     Cannell, R. J. P.  (1993).   Algae as a source of biologically-active products.   Pest. Sci. 39(2):147-153.  Keywords:  algae/ biologically active products.
291.     Cannell, R. J. P.; Kellam, S. J.; Owsianka, A. M.; and Walker, J. M.  (1987).   Microalgae and cyanobacteria as a source of glycosidase inhibitors.   J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:1701-1705.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ marine/ products/ glycosidase inhibitor/ enzyme inhibitor.
292.     Cano, M. M. S. de; Caire, G. Z. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; and Palma, R. M.  (2002).   Effect of Tolypothrix tenuis and Microchaete tenera on biochemical soil properties and maize growth.   J. Plant Nutrition 25(11):2421-2431.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ exopolysaccharide/ enzyme/ maize/ Nostoc muscorum/ inoculation/ Tolypothrix tenuis/ Microchaete tenera.
293.     Cano, M. M. S. de; Mulé, M. C. Z. de; Caire, G. Z. de; and Halperín, D. R. de.  (1990).   Inhibition of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureaus by phenolic compounds from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.   J. Appl. Phycol. 2:79-81.  Keywords:  Nostoc muscorum/ Staphylococcus aureus/ Candida albicans/ bioactive compounds/ algal phenolic compounds/ cyanobacteria.
294.     Canter, H. M.; Heaney, S. I.; and Lund, J. W. G.  (1990).   The ecological significance of grazing on planktonic populations of cyanobacteria by the ciliate Nassula.   New Phytol. 114(2):247-263.  Keywords:  grazing/ planktonic/ cyanobacteria/ mucilage/ Nassula aurea/ Podophrya/ Eurychasma.
295.     Capitano, A. T.; Roberts, J. L.; and Griffith, L. G.  (2002).  Design of a liver tissue biosensor.  Second Joint EMBS-BMES Conference 2002.  I E E E: New York.  Vols. 1-3,  pp. 1766.    Keywords:  aflatoxin/ biosensor/ EROD/ microcystin/ tissue.
296.     Carbis, C. R.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I.  (1996).   The effects of microcystins on the serum biochemistry of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., when the toxins are administered by gavage, immersion and intraperitoneal routes.   J. Fish Dis. 19:151-159.  Keywords:  microcystins/ Cyprinus carpio L/ intraperitoneal/ serum/ liver damage.
297.     Carbis, C. R.; Rawlin, G. T.; Grant, P.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I.  (1997).   A study of feral carp, Cyprinus carpio L., exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa at Lake Mokoan, Australia, and possible implications for fish health.   J. Fish Dis. 20(2):81-91.  Keywords:  Cyprinus carpio L/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Australia/ microcystins.
298.     Carbis, C. R.; Rawlin, G. T.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I.  (1996).   The histopathology of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., exposed to microcystins by gavage, immersion and intraperitoneal administration.   J. Fish Dis. 19(3):199-207.  Keywords:  Cyprinus carpio L/ microcystins/ intraperitoneal/ liver.
299.     Carbis, C. R.; Simons, J. A.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I.  (1994).   A biochemical profile for predicting the chronic exposure of sheep to Microcystis aeruginosa, an hepatotoxic species of blue-green alga.   Res. Vet. Sci. 57(3):310-316.  Keywords:  profile/ chronic exposure/ sheep/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
300.     Carbis, C. R.; Waldron, D. L.; Mitchell, G. F.; Anderson, J. W.; and McCauley, I.  (1995).   Recovery of hepatic function and latent mortalities in sheep exposed to the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.   Vet. Record 137(1):12-15.  Keywords:  hepatic function/ latent mortality/ sheep/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
301.     Cardellina II, J. H.; Dalietos, D.; Marner, F-J.; Mynderse, J. S.; and Moore, R. E.  (1978).   (–)-Trans-7(S)- methoxytetradec-4-enoic acid and related amides from the marine cyanophyte Lyngbya majuscula.   Phytochem. 17:2091-2095.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula.
302.     Cardellina II, J. H.; Gustafson, K. R.; Fuller, R. W.; and Boyd, M. R.  (1993).   Antitumor and anti-HIV factors from algae.   J. Phycol. 29(3 Suppl.):14.  Keywords:  antitumor/ anti-HIV factors/ algae.  (Abstract #67)
303.     Cardellina II, J. H.; Marner, F-J.; and Moore, R. E.  (1979).   Seaweed dermatitis:  structure of lyngbyatoxin A.   Science 204:193-195.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula/ lyngbyatoxin/ dermatitis.
304.     Cardellina II, J. H. and Moore, R. E.  (1980).   Malyngic acid, a new fatty acid from Lyngbya majuscula.   Tetrahed. Lett. 36:993-996.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ products/ Lyngbya majuscula/ marine.
305.     Cardellina II, J. H. and Moore, R. E.  (1979).   Structure and absolute configuration of malyngolide, an antibiotic from the marine blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula Gomont.   J. Org. Chem. 44(23):4039-4042.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya majuscula/ products/ antibiotic/ antibacteria/ NMR.
306.     Carlson, J. L.; Gleason, F. K.; and Mall, A.  (1992).   Structure of hydroxycyanobacterin, a new algaecide from the blue-green alga Scytonema hofmanni.   Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 203:96.  Keywords:  structure/ algaecide/ Scytonema hofmanni.  (Meeting Abstract)
307.     Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1991).   Mirabazoles, minor tantazole-related cytotoxins from the terrestrial blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile.   Tetrahed. Lett. 32(23):2593-2596.  Keywords:  Mirabazoles/ Scytonema mirabile.
308.     Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1991).   Mirabimides A-D, new N-acylpyrrolinones from the blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile.   Tetrahed.  47(12-13):2087-2096.  Keywords:  Mirabimides/ Scytonema mirabile.
309.     Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1990).   Tolytoxin and new scytophycins from three species of Scytonema.   J. Natural Products 53(6):1533-1542.  Keywords:  tolytoxin/ new scytophycins/ Scytonema.
310.     Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Corbett, T. H.; and Valeriote, F. A.  (1990).   Tantazoles:  unusual cytotoxic alkaloids from the blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile.   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112(22):8195-8197.  Keywords:  Tantazoles/ Scytonema mirabile/ cytotoxic alkaloids.
311.     Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Mori, Y.; and Suzuki, M.  (1990).   Isonitriles from the blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile.   J. Org. Chem. 55(14):4431-4438.  Keywords:  isonitriles/ Scytonema mirabile.
312.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1998).  Algal poisoning.  In: S. Aiello (ed.)  The Merck Veterinary Manual.   8th ed.   Merck & Co., Inc.: Whitehouse Station, New Jersey,  pp. 2022-2023.  2305 pp.  Keywords:  algal/ poisoning.
313.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1986).  Algal toxins.  In: J. A. Callow (ed.)  Advances in Botanical Research.  Academic Press: London, Vol. 12, pp. 47-101.  284 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ review.
314.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1974).  Anabaena flos-aquae Toxin:  its Toxicology and Mechanism of Action.  Ph.D. Thesis.  University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 134 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae.
315.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1992).  Aquatic phycotoxins—an overview of current research directions.  In: O. M. Skulberg and R. Skulberg, (eds.)  Toxin Producing Algae—Research and Advances.  Norwegian Institute for Water Research: Oslo, Norway.  pp. 1-40.  Proceedings Third Nordic Symposium on Toxin-Producing Algae. 1988; Oslo.  Keywords:  phycotoxins/ aquatic/ research.
316.     Carmichael, W. W.  (ed.)  (2001).  Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water.  AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Assoc.: Denver, Colorado. 179 pp.   Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ raw water/ drinking water/ assessment/ monitoring/ analysis.
317.     Carmichael. W.W.  (1991).   Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria):  an overlooked health threat.   Health Environ. Digest 5(6):1-4.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ health risk.
318.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1982).   Chemical and toxicological studies of the toxic freshwater cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):367-372.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ chemical studies/ toxicological studies.
319.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1992).   Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites:  the cyanotoxins.   J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72(6):445-459.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ secondary metabolites.
320.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1995).  Cyanobacterial toxins.  In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.)  Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae.  UNESCO Publishing: pp. 163-175, Ch. 9.   IOC Manuals and Guides #33.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.
321.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1996).   Cyanobacterium blooms and health hazards:  an overview.   Toxicon 34(3):299.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ blooms/ health hazards/ overview.
322.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1997).  The cyanotoxins.  In: J. A. Callow (ed.)  Advances in Botanical Research.  Vol. 27, pp. 211-256.  515 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.
323.     Carmichael, W. W.  (2001).   The cyanotoxins—bioactive metabolites of cyanobacteria:  occurrence, ecological role, taxonomic concerns and effects on humans.   J. Phycol. 37(3 Suppl.):9.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ ecological role/ taxonomy/ effects/ humans.
324.     Carmichael, W. W  (1981).  Freshwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) toxins—a review.  In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 1-13.  491 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ freshwater.
325.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1988).  Freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins.  In: C. L. Ownby and G. V. Odell (eds.)  Natural Toxins:  Characterization, Pharmacology and Therapeutics.  Pergamon Press: London,  pp. 3-16.   Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ freshwater.
326.     Carmichael, W. W.  (2001).   Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria:  "the CyanoHABs".   Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 7(5):1393-1407.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ cyanotoxins/ toxins/ risk/ health.
327.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1990).   Isolation, characterization and detection  of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins from freshwater supplies.   Ohio J. Sci. 90(2):29.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ isolation/ characterization/ detection/ freshwater.
328.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1985).   Isolation, culture and toxicity of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).   Toxicon 23(1):25-26.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/ toxicity.  (First American Symposium on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins — Abstract)
329.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1986).  Isolation, culture and toxicity testing of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).  In: V. Shilov (ed.)  Fundamental Research in Homogenous Catalysis.  Gordon & Breach: New York, Vol. 3, pp. 1249-1262.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/ toxicity.
330.     Carmichael, W. W.  (2001).  A mini-review of cyanotoxins; toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).  In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson, H. P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.)  Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium.  W.J. de Koe, printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands.  pp. 495-504.  574 pp.  Proceedings of Xth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000; Guarujá (Brazil).  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ review.
331.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1989).   Overview of cyanobacteria blue-green algae toxins.   Toxicon 27(1):22.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ overview.
332.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1999).   Preparing for the future:  algal toxins and their relationship to aquatic ecosystem health.    J. Phycol. 35(3 Suppl.):6.  Keywords:  future/ algal toxins/ aquatic health.
333.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1972).  Some Factors Influencing Toxin Production and Accumulation by Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1.  M.Sc. Thesis.  University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 83 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ toxin production and accumulation.
334.     Carmichael, W.W. (1992).   A Status Report on Planktonic Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) and their Toxins.   Office of Research and Development,  EPA: Washington, D.C.  Report # EPA/600/R-92/079. 141 pp.    Keywords:  status/ cyanotoxins.
335.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1991).   Toxic freshwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria):  an overlooked waterbased disease health threat.   Health Environ. Digest 5(6):1-4.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ freshwater/ health threat.
336.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1996).  Toxic Microcystis and the environment.  In: M. F. Watanabe, K-I. Harada, W. W. Carmichael, and H. Fujiki (eds.)  Toxic Microcystis.  CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida,  pp. 1-11.  262 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ environment.
337.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1994).   Toxins of cyanobacteria.   Sci. Am. 270(1):78-86.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria toxins/ neurotoxins/ microcystin/ nodularin/ saxitoxin/ neosaxitoxin/ anatoxin-a/ anatoxin-a(s).
338.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1994).  Toxins of cyanobacteria.  In: J. R. Forbes, (ed.)  Proceedings of the Fourth Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae.  Department of Public Works and Government Services: Canada.  pp. 4-8.  92 pp.  Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences #2016. May 3-5, 1994; Sidney, British Columbia, Canada.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.
339.     Carmichael, W. W.  (1988).  Toxins of freshwater algae.  In: A. T. Tu (ed.)  Handbook of Natural Toxins.  Marcel Dekkar: New York, Vol. 3, Marine Toxins and Venoms, pp. 121-147, Ch. 6.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ freshwater.
340.     Carmichael, W. W.  (ed.)  (1981).  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York.   Vol. 20, 491 pp.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin.
341.     Carmichael, W. W. and An, J. S.  (1999).   Using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) for the detection of microcystins and nodularins.   Natural Toxins 7(6):377-385.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ nodularins/ detection/ immunoassay/ enzyme assay/ ELISA/ protein phosphatase/ toxins.
342.     Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; An, J. S.; Molica, R. J. R.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Lau, S.; Rinehart, K. L.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K.  (2001).   Human fatalities from cyanobacteria:  chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins.   Environ. Health Perspect. 109(7):663-668.  Keywords:  water treatment/ risk management/ exposure/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ human deaths.
343.     Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Servaites, J. C.; Yuan, M.; and Soares, R. M.  (2002).  Evaluation of ELISA and HPLC/MS methods for measuring microcystins in human blood serum.  In: Tenth International Conference on Harmful Algae.  pp. 45.  2002 Annual Meeting of the Phycological Society of America. October 21-25, 2002; St. Petersburg, Florida.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ ELISA/ HPLC-MS/ microcystins/ human blood serum.
344.     Carmichael, W. W.; Beasley, V. R.; Bunner, D. L.; Eloff, J. N.; Falconer, I. R.; Gorham, P. R.; Harada, K-I.; Krishnamurthy, T.; Yu, M-J.; Moore, R. E.; Rinehart, K. L.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Watanabe, M. F.  (1988).   Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).   Toxicon 26(11):971-973.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ naming.  (Letter to the Editor)
345.     Carmichael, W. W. and Bent, P. E.  (1981).   Hemagglutination method for detection of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41(6):1383-1388.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ hemagglutination/ detection.
346.     Carmichael, W. W. and Biggs, D. F.  (1978).   Muscle sensitivity differences in two avian species to anatoxin-a produced by the freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1.   Can. J. Zool. 56(3):510-512.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin/ muscle/ avian species.
347.     Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and Gorham, P. R.  (1975).   Toxicology and pharmacological action of Anabaena flos-aquae toxin.   Science 187:542-544.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ calves/ rats/ ducks/ goldfish.
348.     Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and Peterson, M. A.  (1979).   Pharmacology of anatoxin-a, produced by the freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1.   Toxicon 17(3):229-236.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin-a/ pharmacology.
349.     Carmichael, W. W.; Drapeau, C.; and Anderson, D. M.  (2000).   Harvesting of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex. Born. and Flah. var. flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) from Klamath Lake for human dietary use.   J. Appl. Phycol. 12:585-595.  Keywords:  Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ biomass/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ food/ harvesting/ Klamath Lake/ Oregon/ quality control/ waterbloom.
350.     Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.  (1989).   Toxicity and partial structure for a hepatotoxic peptide produced by Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. strain L575 cyanobacteria from New Zealand.   Toxicon  27(1):35.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity/ structure/ New Zealand.
351.     Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.  (1988).   Toxicity and partial structure of a hepatotoxic peptide produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. L575 from New Zealand.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54(9):2257-2263.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ structure/ New Zealand.
352.     Carmichael, W. W. and Evans, W. R.  (1992).  Neurotoxic Lyngbya wollei in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama.  North American Lake Management Society 12th Annual International Symposium.  pp. 43.  Nov. 2-7, 1992;   Keywords:  Lyngbya wollei/ neurotoxic/ Lake Guntersville/ Alabama.  (Abstract)
353.     Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; Yin, Q. Q.; Bell, P.; and Moczydlowski, E.  (1997).   Evidence for paralytic shellfish poisons in the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(8):3104-3110.  Keywords:  PSP/ Lyngbya wollei/ neurotoxin/ Guntersville Reservoir/ Alabama/ Tennessee River.
354.     Carmichael, W. W. and Falconer, I. R.  (1993).  Diseases related to freshwater blue-green algal toxins, and control measures.  In: I. R. Falconer (ed.)  Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water.  Academic Press: London,  pp. 187-209, Ch. 12.  224 pp.  Keywords:  diseases/ cyanotoxins/ freshwater/ control.
355.     Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R.  (1978).   Anatoxins from clones of Anabaena flos-aquae isolated from lakes of western Canada.   Mitt. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 21:285-295.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae / anatoxins/ Canada.
356.     Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R.  (1977).   Factors influencing the toxicity and animal susceptibility of Anabaena flos-aquae (Cyanophyta) blooms.   J. Phycol.  13(2):97-101.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ toxicity/ animal susceptibility.
357.     Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R.  (1980).  Freshwater cyanophyte toxins:  types and their effects on the use of micro algae biomass.  In: G. Shelef and C. J. Soeder (eds.)  Algae Biomass Production and Use.  Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press: Amsterdam,  pp. 437-448.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ biotech.
358.     Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R.  (1974).   An improved method for obtaining axenic clones of planktonic blue-green algae.   J. Phycol. 10(2):238-240.  Keywords:  axenic clones/ method/ blue-green algae/ Anabaena flos-aquae.
359.     Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P. R.  (1981).  The mosaic nature of toxic blooms of cyanobacteria.  In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 161-172.  491 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.
360.     Carmichael, W. W.; Gorham, P. R.; and Biggs, D. F.  (1977).   Two laboratory case studies on the oral toxicity to calves of the freshwater cyanophyte (blue-green alga) Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1.   Can. Vet. J. 18(3):71-75.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ case studies/ calves.
361.     Carmichael, W. W.; He, J-W.; Eschedor, J. T.; He, Z-R.; and Yu, M-J.  (1988).   Partial structural determination of hepatotoxic peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacterium) collected in ponds of Central China.   Toxicon 26(12):1213-1217.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin/ structure/ China.
362.     Carmichael, W. W. and Hyde, E. G.  (2000).  Anatoxins.  In: P. S. Spencer, H. H. Schaumburg, and A. C. Ludolph (eds.)  Expermental and Clinical Neurotoxicology.   2nd ed.   Oxford Univesity Press: New York & Oxford,  pp. 196-198.  1352 pp.  Keywords:  anatoxins.
363.     Carmichael, W. W.; Jones, C. L. A.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Theiss, W. C.  (1985).  Algal toxins and water-based diseases.  In: C. P. Straub (ed.)  Critical Reviews in Environmental Control.  Chemical Rubber Co. Press: Florida, Vol. 15, Issue 3, pp. 275-313.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ diseases.
364.     Carmichael, W. W. and Mahmood, N. A.  (1984).  Toxins from  freshwater cyanobacteria.  In: E. P. Ragelis (ed.)  Seafood Toxins.  American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.,  pp. 377-389.   ACS Symposium Series #262.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ freshwater.
365.     Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Hyde, E. G.  (1990).  Cellular mechanisms of action for freshwaer cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins.  In: A. E. Pohland and J. Richard (eds.)  Microbial Toxins in Foods and Feeds.  Plenum Publ. Corp.: New York,  pp. 553-573.   Keywords:  mechanisms/ action/ freshwater/ cyanotoxins.
366.     Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Hyde, E. G.  (1990).  Natural toxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).  In: S. Hall and G. Strichartz (eds.)  Marine Toxins:  Origin, Structure, and Molecular Pharmacology.  American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.,  pp. 87-106, Ch. 6.   ACS Symposium Series #418.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.
367.     Carmichael, W. W.; Pinotti, M. H.; and Fraleigh, P. C.  (1986).   Toxicity of a clonal isolate of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa from Lake Erie.   Ohio J. Sci. 86(2):53.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.  (Meeting Abstract)
368.     Carmichael, W.W. and Schwartz, L.D. (1984).   Preventing livestock deaths from blue-green algae poisoning.  In:  Farmers Bulletin.   U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: Washington, D.C.  Report # 2275. 12 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ livestock deaths/ prevention.
369.     Carmichael, W. W.; Sirenko, L. A.; Klochenko, P. D.; and Shevchenko, T. F.  (2001).   A comparative assessment of the toxicity of algae and cyanobacteria in water bodies of Ukraine.   Phycologia 40(4 Suppl.):15.  Keywords:  algal toxicity/ cyanobacteria/ Ukraine.
370.     Carmichael, W. W.; Tchernajenko, V. M.; and Evans, W. R.  (1993).   Cyclic peptide hepatotoxins in the freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from blooming water bodies of Ukraine and Euopean part of Russia.   Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 330(5):659-661.  Keywords:  hepatotoxins/ freshwater/ Ukraine/ Russia.  (Russian)
371.     Carmichael, W. W.; Yu, M-J.; He, Z-R.; He, J-W.; and Yu, J-L.  (1988).   Occurrence of the toxic cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa in Central China.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 114(1):21-30.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ China/ occurrence.
372.     Carpenter, E. J.; Bergman, B.; Dawson, R.; Siddiqui, P. J. A.; Söderbäck, E.; and Capone, D. G.  (1992).   Glutamine synthetase and nitrogen cycling in colonies of the marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58(9):3122-3129.  Keywords:  Trichodesmium thiebautii/ glutamine synthetase/ nitrogen cycling.
373.     Carpenter, E. J. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1995).  Taxonomy of cyanobacteria.  In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (eds.)  Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae.  UNESCO Publishing: pp. 373-380, Ch. 19.   IOC Manuals and Guides #33.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ taxonomy.
374.     Carpenter, E. J.; Chang, J.; Cottrell, M.; Schubauer, J.; Paerl, H. W.; Bebout, B. M.; and Capone, D. G.  (1990).   Re-evaluation of nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms in the planktonic marine cyanbacterium Trichodesmium.   Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 65(2):151-158.  Keywords:  Trichodesmium thiebautii/ nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms/ Caribbean Sea.
375.     Carpenter, E. J.; Harvey, H. R.; Fry, B.; and Capone, D. G.  (1997).   Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium.   Deep-Sea Res. Part 1 44(1):27-38.  Keywords:  Trichodesmium/ biogeochemical tracers.
376.     Carpenter, E. J.; O'Neil, J. M.; Dawson, R.; Capone, D. G.; Siddiqui, P. J. A.; Roenneberg, T.; and Bergman, B.  (1993).   The tropical diazotrophic phytoplankter Trichodesmium:  biological characteristics of two common species.   Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 95:295-304.  Keywords:  Trichodesmium thiebautii/ Trichodesmium erythraeum/ biological characteristics.
377.     Carpenter, E. J. and Roenneberg, T.  (1995).   The marine planktonic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp.:  photosynthetic rate measurements in the SW Atlantic Ocean.   Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 118(1-3):267-273.  Keywords:  Trichodesmium photosynthesis/ primary productivity/ Caribbean Sea phytoplankton/ marine planktonic cyanobacteria/ marine diazotrophs/ N2 fixation/ photosynthetic quotient.
378.     Carrasco, C. D.; Buettner, J. A.; and Golden, J. W.  (1995).   Programmed DNA rearrangement of a cyanobacterial hupL gene in heterocysts.   Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  92:791-795.  Keywords:  DNA rearrangement/ cyanobacterial hupL gene.
379.     Carrillo, E.; Ferrero, L. M.; Alonso-Andicoberry, C.; Basanta, A.;  Martin, A.; Lopez-Rodas, V.; and Costas, E.  (2003).   Interstrain variability in toxin production in populations of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from water-supply reservoirs of Andalusia and lagoons of Donana National Park (southern Spain).   Phycologia 42(3):269-274.  Keywords:  cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/ peptide synthetase genes/ nontoxic strains/ biosynthesis/ blooms/ phytoplankton/ health/ lakes/ light/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Donana National Park (southern Spain).
380.     Carter, D. C.; Moore, R. E.; and Mynderse, J. S.  (1984).   Structure of majusculamide C, a cyclic depsipeptide from Lyngbya majuscula.   J. Org. Chem. 49:236-241.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ products/ Lyngbya majuscula/ majusculamide/ mass spectrometry/ NMR.
381.     Casanova, M. T.; Burch, M. D.; Brock, M. A.; and Bond, P. M.  (1999).   Does toxic Microcystis aeruginosa affect aquatic plant establishment.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):97-109.  Keywords:  establishment/ aquatic plants/ toxic/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
382.     Casemore, D. P.  (1994).   Cyclospora:  another "new" pathogen.   J. Med. Microbiol. 41(4):217-219.  Keywords:  Cyclospora/ pathogen.
383.     Catterall, W. A.  (1980).   Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes.   Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20:15-43.  Keywords:  neurotoxins/ voltage-sensitive sodium channels.
384.     Cavalier-Smith, T.  (1992).  Origins of secondary metabolism.  In: Secondary Metabolites:  their Function and Evolution .  Wiley: Chichester.  Vol. 171,  pp. 64-87.  Ciba Foundation Symposium 171. 1992;   Keywords:  secondary metabolism/ origins.
385.     Chagas, C.; Sollero, L.; and Suarez-Kurtz, G.  (1972).  Synthetic neuromuscular blocking agents: absorption—distribution—metabolism—excretion.  In:  Neuromuscular Blocking and Stimulating Agents.  Pergamon Press: Oxford,  pp. 409-423, Ch. 15.   Keywords:  neuromuscular blocking agents/ synthesis/ absorption/ distribution/ metabolism/ excretion.
386.     Chakraborty, T. K. and Joshi, S. P.  (1990).   Total synthesis of n-phthaloyl Adda methyl ester:  all stereocenters originating from a single chiral epoxyalcohol.   Tetrahed. Lett. 31(14):2043-2046.  Keywords:  synthesis/ N-phthaloyl Adda methyl ester.
387.     Chamberlain, W.J. (1948).   Effects of algae on water supply.  In:  Department of Chemistry Papers.   Univ. of Queensland: Brisbane.  Vol. 1, No. 29, 60 plates, 80  pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ water supply.
388.     Chamorro, G.; Salazar, M.; Araujo, K. G. D.; dos Santos, C. P.; Ceballos, G.; and Castillo, L. F.  (2002).   Update on the pharmacology of Spirulina (Arthrospira),  an unconventional food.   Arch. Lat. Nutr. 52(3):232-240.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ Spirulina/ Arthrospira/ pharmacology.
389.     Chang, Z. X.; Flatt, P.; Gerwick, W. H.; Nguyen, V. A.; Willis, C. L.; and Sherman, D. H.  (2002).   The barbamide biosynthetic gene cluster: a novel marine cyanobacterial system of mixed polyketide synthase (PKS)-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) origin involving an unusual trichloroleucyl starter unit.   Gene 296(1-2):235-247.  Keywords:  Lyngbya majuscula/ natural product biosynthesis/ modular polyketide synthase/ non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/ halogenase.
390.     Chapman, A. D. and Schelske, C. L.  (1997).   Recent appearance of Cylindrospermopsis (cyanobacteria) in five hypereutrophic Florida lakes.   J. Phycol. 33(2):191-195.  Keywords:  Anabaenopsis/ cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis/ Florida/ hypereutrophic.
391.     Chaput, M. and Grant, G.A. (1958).   III. Screening of a number of species.  In:  Toxic algae.   Can. Defense Research Board, Defense Research Laboratories: Ottawa.  Report # 279, Project No. D52-20-20-18. 6 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ screening.
392.     Chauhan, V. S.; Marwah, J. B.; and Bagchi, S. N.  (1992).   Effect of an antibiotic from Oscillatoria sp. on pytoplankters, higher plants and mice.   New Phytol. 120(2):251-257.  Keywords:  antibiotic/ Oscillatoria/ phytoplankters/ higher plants/ mice.
393.     Chen, C. Y. and Chou, H. N.  (2001).   Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by purple clam Hiatula rostrata Lighttoot.   Toxicon 39(7):1029-1034.  Keywords:  purple clams/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ toxins/ dinoflagellates/ Alexandrium minutum.
394.     Chen, C. Y. and Chou, H. N.  (2002).   Fate of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in purple clam Hiatula rostrata, in outdoor culture and laboratory culture.   Mar. Poll. Bull. 44(8):733-738.  Keywords:  purple clams/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ toxins/ dinoflagellates/ outdoor culture/ Hiatula rostrata.
395.     Chen, D. Z. X.; Boland, M. P.; Smillie, M. A.; Klix, H.; Ptak, C.; Andersen, R. J.; and Holmes, C. F. B.  (1993).   Identification of protein phosphatase inhibitors of the microcystin class in the marine environment.   Toxicon 31(11):1407-1414.  Keywords:  identification/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/ microcystin/ marine.
396.     Chen, J-L.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1991).   Structures of Nostocyclophanes A-D.   J. Org. Chem. 56(14):4360-4364.  Keywords:   Nostoc linckia/ cytotoxins/ structures.
397.     Chen, X. X.; Smith, G. D.; and Waring, P.  (2003).   Human cancer cell (Jurkat) killing by the cyanobacterial metabolite calothrixin A.   J. Appl. Phycol. 15(4):269-277.  Keywords:  apoptosis/ calothrixin A/ cyanobacteria/ DNA damage/ menadione/ reactive oxygen/ redox cycle/ human cancer cell.
398.     Chen, Y.; He, J.; Zhuang, L.; Zeng, L.; and Qu, L.  (1999).   Sequence analysis of  rDNA 16S-23S intergenic spacer from Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in Donghu Lake, China.   Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica 23(1):41-46.  Keywords:   Microcystis aeruginosa/ Microcystis wesenbergii/ rDNA/ intergenic spacer regions/ sequence analysis/ China.
399.     Cheng, K.; Zhao, Y. J.; Xu, M.; Yin, J.; Xiong, Q.; Zhou, J. C.; Wang, Y. Z.; Zhang, W.; Wang, J. W.; Liu, Z. Y.; and Wang, F. R.  (2002).   An ecological study on dynamics of toxic Microcystis blooms in a eutrophic park pond, Wuhan, China.   Prog. Natural Sci 12(1):30-35.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa bloom/ microcystin/ environmental factors/ growth/ Wuhan, China.
400.     Chengappa, M. M.; Pace, L. W.; and McLaughlin, B. G.  (1989).   Blue-green algae (Anabaena spiroides) toxicosis in pigs.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 194(12):1724-1725.  Keywords:  Anabaena spiroides/ toxicosis/ pigs.
401.     Chernoff, N.; Hunter III, E. S.; Hall, L. L.; Rosen, M. B.; Brownie, C. F.; Malarkey, D.; Marr, M.; and Herkovits, J.  (2002).   Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad.   J. Appl. Toxicol. 22(1):13-17.  Keywords:  microcystin/ developmental toxicology/ mouse/ toad/ embryo/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacterial toxins/ hepatic-necrosis/ liver/ exposure/ mice/ hepatotoxicity/ toxicosis/ toxicity.
402.     Chetsumon, A.; Maeda, I.; Umeda, F.; Yagi, K.; Miura, Y.; and Mizoguchi, T.  (1995).   Continous antibiotic production by an immobilized cyanobacterium in a seaweed-type bioreactor.   J. Appl. Phycol. 7(2):135-139.  Keywords:  continuous culture/ cyanobacterium/ Scytonema/ antibiotic/ bioreactor/ immobilization.
403.     Chetsumon, A.; Miyamoto, K.; Hirata, K.; Miura, Y.; Ikuta, Y.; and Hamasaki, A.  (1993).   Factors affecting antibiotic production in bioreactors with immobilized algal cells.   Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 39/40:573-586.  Keywords:  factors/ antibiotic production/ Scytonema.
404.     Chianella, I.; Lotierzo, M.; Piletsky, S. A.; Tothill, I. E.; Chen, B. N.; Karim, K.; and Turner, A. P. F.  (2002).   Rational design of a polymer specific for microcystin-LR using a computational approach.   Analyt. Chem. 74(6):1288-1293.  Keywords:  molecularly imprinted polymers/ recognition/ assay/ cyanotoxins/ membranes/ surface/ water.
405.     Chianella, I.; Piletsky, S. A.; Tothill, I. E.; Chen, B.; and Turner, A. P. F.  (2003).   MIP-based solid phase extraction cartridges combined with MIP-based sensors for the detection of microcystin-LR.   Biosensors & Bioelectronics 18(2-3):119-127.  Keywords:  molecularly imprinted polymer/ microcystin-LR/ sensor/ solid-phase extraction.
406.     Chiang, P. K.; Butler, D. L.; and Brown, N. D.  (1991).   Nicotinic action of anatoxin-a on guinea pig ileum antagonized by thymopentin.   Life Sci. Pharmacol. Lett. 49(6):PL13 - PL19.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ nicotinic action/ guinea pig ileum/ thymopentin.
407.     Chiswell, R. K.; Shaw, G. R.; Eaglesham, G.; Smith, M. J.; Norris, R. L.; Seawright, A. A.; and Moore, M. R.  (1999).   Stability of cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii:  effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on decomposition.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):155-161.  Keywords:  cylindrospermopsin stability/  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ decomposition.
408.     Chittick, E.; Puschner, B.; Walsh, M.; Gearhart, S.; St. Leger, J.; Skocelas, E.; and Branch, S.  (2002).  Blue-green algae microcystin toxicosis in captive Chilean flamingos.  In: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.  pp. 115-116.  Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Chile/ flamingos.
409.     Choi, A. R.; Park, M. J.; Lee, J. A.; and Chung, I. K.  (1996).   Diel changes in vertical distributions of Microcystis in the Sonaktong Reservoir.   Algae (Korean J. Phycol.) 11(1):161-169.  Keywords:  diel changes/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis/ algal bloom/ buoyancy/ scum formation/ eutrophication/ Korea/ Sonaktong Reservoir.
410.     Choi, B. W.; Namikoshi, M.; Sun, F. R.; Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; Kaup, A. M.; Evans, W. R.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1993).   Isolation of linear peptides related to the hepatotoxins nodularin and microcystins.   Tetrahed. Lett. 34(49):7881-7884.  Keywords:  linear peptides isolation/ nodularin/ microcystins.
411.     Choi, B. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Kaup, A. M.  (1992).   Biosynthetic studies of nodularin: origin of carbons and proposed biogenetic pathway.   Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 204(1-2):ORGN 432.  Keywords:  biosynthetic studies/ nodularin.  (Meeting Abstract)
412.     Cholnoky-Pfannkuche, K.  (1970).   Toxicity III:  Experiment with Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz)  [Toxizität III: Experimente mit Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz)].   Botanica Marina 13:45-48.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.  (German)
413.     Chong, M. W. K.; Gu, K. D.; Lam, P. K. S.; Yang, M.; and Fong, W. F.  (2000).   Study on the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR on cultured cells.   Chemosphere 41(1-2):143-147.  Keywords:  prepared rat hepatocytes/ cyanobacterial toxins/ peptide toxin/ cyto-toxicity/ water/ assays/ blooms/ lakes/ microcystin-LR.
414.     Chong, M. W. K.; Wong, B. S. F.; Lam, P. K. S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Seawright, A. A.  (2002).   Toxicity and uptake mechanism of cylindrospermopsin and lophyrotomin in primary rat hepatocytes.   Toxicon 40(2):205-211.  Keywords:  toxicity/ uptake mechanism/ cylindrospermopsin/ lophyrotomin/ primary rat hepatocytes/ cyclic peptide toxin/ protein phosphatases/ microcystin-LR/ Raciborskii woloszynska/ colorimetric assay/ Umezakia natans/ hepatotoxicity/ inihibition/ potent/ mice.
415.     Chorus, I.  (2002).   Cyanobacterial toxin research and its application in Germany: A review of the current status.   Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):358-360.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ Germany.
416.     Chorus, I.  (ed.)  (2001).  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York. 357 pp.   Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ causes.
417.     Chorus, I.  (2001).  Cyanotoxins occurrence in freshwaters—a summary of survey results from different countries.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 75-82.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ freshwaters/ summary.
418.     Chorus, I.  (2001).  Cyanotoxins occurrence in Germany.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 5-21.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ Germany.
419.     Chorus, I.  (2001).  Introduction:  cyanotoxins—research for environmental safety and human health.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 1-4.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ environmental safety/ human health.
420.     Chorus, I. and Bartram, J.  (eds.)  (1999).  Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management.  E & FN Spon: London. 416 pp.   Keywords:  toxic cyanobacteria/ public health/ monitoring/ management.
421.     Chorus, I.; Bumke-Vogt, C.; Lindenschmidt, K. E.; and Jaime, E.  (2001).  Cyanobacterial neurotoxins.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 37-45.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ neurotoxins.
422.     Chorus, I.; Falconer, I. R.; Salas, H. J.; and Bartram, J.  (2000).   Health risks caused by freshwater cyanobacteria in recreational waters.   J. Toxicol. Environ. Health–Part B 3(4):323-347.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ microcystin-LR/ Bautzen reservoir/ toxins/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity/ extracts/ exposure.
423.     Chorus, I. and Fastner, J.  (2001).  Recreational exposure to cyanotoxins.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 190-199.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ recreational exposure.
424.     Chorus, I.; Heinze, R.; Hubner, C.; Schmidt, W.; and Pietsch, J.  (2001).  Elimination of microcystins at Dortendorf: conventional treatment and a pilot experimental treatment system.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 221-225.  357 pp.  Keywords:  elimination/ microcystins/ Dortendorf/ conventional treatment/ experimental treatment.
425.     Chorus, I.; Niesel, V.; Fastner, J.; Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; and Lindenschmidt, K. E.  (2001).  Environmental factors and microcystin levels in waterbodies.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 159-177.  357 pp.  Keywords:  environmental factors/ microcystin levels/ waterbodies.
426.     Chorus, I. and Rosel, F.  (2000).   Toxic cyanobacteria can be lethal for dogs.   Tier. Prax. Klein. Heim. 28(4):216.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ dogs.
427.     Chorus, I.; Schlag, G.; Heinze, R.; Putz, K.; and Kruspe, U.  (2001).  Elimination of microcystins through bank filtration at the Radeburg Reservoir.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 226-228.  357 pp.  Keywords:  elimination/ microcystins/ bank filtration/ Radeburg Reservoir.
428.     Chow, C. W. K.; Drikas, M.; House, J.; Burch, M. D.; and Velzeboer, R. M. A.  (1999).   The impact of conventional water treatment processes on cells of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Water Res. 33(15):3253-3262.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin-LR/ aluminum sulphate/ water treatment.
429.     Chow, C. W. K.; Panglisch, S.; House, J.; Drikas, M.; Burch, M. D.; and Gimbel, R.  (1997).   A study of membrane filtration for the removal of cyanobacterial cells.   J. Water Supply Res. Technol.–Aqua 46(6):324-334.  Keywords:  membrane filtration/ cyanobacteria/ cell removal.
430.     Christensen, J.H. and Bak, H. (1981).   Blagronalger i Himmelbjergsoerne m.fl.   In:  Notat fra Arhus Amtskommune.   4 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)
431.     Christiansen, G.; Dittmann, E.; Ordorika, L. V.; Rippka, R.; Herdman, M.; and Börner, T.  (2001).   Nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes occur in most cyanobacterial genera as evidenced by their distribution in axenic strains of the PCC.   Arch. Microbiol. 176(6):452-458.  Keywords:  non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes/ degenerate peptide synthetase PCR (PS-PCR)/ aminoacyl adenylation domain/ secondary metabolites/ bioactive compounds/ ribosomal RNA sequences/ Lyngbya majuscula/ genus/ Microcystis/ nontoxic strains/ cyclic peptides/ biosynthesis/ depsipeptides/ system/ toxins/ 16S.
432.     Christiansen, G.; Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; Börner, T.; and Dittmann, E.  (2003).   Microcystin biosynthesis in Planktothrix:  genes, evolution, and manipulation.   J. Bacteriol. 185(2):564-572.  Keywords:  cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/ nonribosomal peptide synthetases/ adenylation domains/ Bacillus subtilis/ cyanobacteria/ cluster/ Planktothrix.
433.     Christoffersen, K.  (1996).   Ecological implications of cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic food webs.   Phycologia 35:42-50.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ aquatic food webs/ implications.
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435.     Christoffersen, K.; Lyck, S.; and Winding, A.  (2002).   Microbial activity and bacterial community structure during degradation of microcystins.   Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 27(2):125-136.  Keywords:  microcystins/ degradation rates/ bacteria/ community structure/ 16S rDNA.
436.     Chu, F. S.; Huang, X.; and Hall, S.  (1992).   Production and characterization of antibodies against neosaxitoxin.   J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 75(2):341-345.  Keywords:  neosaxitoxin/ antibodies/ production/ characterization.
437.     Chu, F. S.; Huang, X.; and Wei, R. D.  (1990).   Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for microcystins in blue-green algal blooms.   J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int 73(3):451-456.  Keywords:  ELISA/ microcystins.
438.     Chu, F. S.; Huang, X.; Wei, R. D.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1989).   Production and characterization of antibodies against microcystins.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(8):1928-1933.  Keywords:  antibodies/ microcystins/ production/ characterization.
439.     Chu, F. S. and Wedepohl, R.  (1994).   Algal toxins in drinking water? Research in Wisconsin.   LakeLine April:41-42.  Keywords:  algal toxins/ drinking water/ Wisconsin.
440.     Chugh, K. S.; Jha, V.; and Chugh, S.  (1999).   Economics of dialysis and renal-transplantation in the developing world.    Transplan. Proc. 31(8):3275-3277.  Keywords:  dialysis/ renal transplant/ economics.
441.     Ciferri, Orio.  (1983).   Spirulina, the edible microorganism.   Microbiol. Rev. 47(4):551-578.  Keywords:  Spirulina/ edible.
442.     Claeyssens, S.; Francois, A.; Chedeville, A.; and Lavoinne, A.  (1995).   Microcystin-LR induced an inhibition of protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.   Biochem J.  306:693-696.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ inhibition/ protein synthesis/ rat.
443.     Clarke, S. C. and McIntyre, M.  (1994).   Human infection with Cyclospora.   J. Infection 29(1):112-113.  Keywords:  Cyclospora/ human infection.
444.     Claska, M. E. and Gilbert, J. J.  (1998).   The effect of temperature on the response of Daphnia to toxic cyanobacteria.   Freshwater Biol. 39(2):221-232.  Keywords:  temperature/ Daphnia response/ cyanotoxins/ Anabaena affinis/ Anabaena flos-aquae.
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446.     Codd, G. A.  (1983).   Cyanobacterial poisoning hazard in British freshwaters.   Vet. Record 113:223-224.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Britain/ freshwater.
447.     Codd, G. A.  (1995).   Cyanobacterial toxins: occurrence, properties and biological significance.   Water Sci. Technol. 32:149-156.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ occurrence/ properties/ significance.
448.     Codd, G. A.  (1984).   Toxins of freshwater cyanobacteria.   Microbiol. Sci. 1(2):48-52.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ freshwater.
449.     Codd, G. A. and Beattie, K. A.  (1991).   Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and their toxins: awareness and action in the United Kingdom.   Pub. Health Lab. Serv. Microbiol. Digest 8(3):82-86.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ action/ United Kingdom.
450.     Codd, G. A. and Bell, S. G.  (1985).   Eutrophication and toxic cyanobacteria in freshwaters.   Water Poll. Control 84(2):225-232.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ eutrophication.
451.     Codd, G. A.; Bell, S. G.; and Brooks, W. P.  (1989).   Cyanobacterial toxins in water.   Water Sci. Technol. 21(3):1-13.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.
452.     Codd, G. A.; Bell, S. G.; Kaya, K.; Ward, C. J.; Beattie, K. A.; and Metcalf, J. S.  (1999).   Cyanobacterial toxins, exposure routes and human health.   Eur. J. Phycol. 34(4):405-415.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ exposure routes/ human health.
453.     Codd, G. A.; Brooks, W. P.; Lawton, L. A.; and Beattie, K. A.  (1989).  Cyanobacterial toxins in European waters:  occurrence, properties, problems and requirements.  In: D. Wheeler, M. L. Richardson, and J. Bridges, (eds.)  Watershed 89:  The Future for Water Quality in Europe.  Pergamon Press: Oxford.  Vol. II,  pp. 211-220.  Proceedings of the IAWPRC Conference. April 17-20, 1989; Univ. Surry, Guildford, U.K.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis/ Anabaena/ Oscillatoria/ toxins/ microcystin/ anatoxin.
454.     Codd, G. A.; Brooks, W. P.; Priestley, I. M.; Poon, G. K.; Bell, S. G.; and Fawell, J. K.  (1989).   Production, detection and quantification of cyanobacterial toxins.   Tox. Assess. 4(4):499-511.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ production/ detection/ quantification/ cyanobacterial toxins.
455.     Codd, G. A. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1982).   Toxicity of a clonal isolate of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from Great Britain.   FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 13(4):409-411.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Britain.
456.     Codd, G. A.; Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Barr, W. M.; and Gunn, G. J.  (1992).   Fatal attraction to cyanobacteria?   Nature 359(6391):110-111.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria.  (Letter to Editor)
457.     Codd, G. A.; Lawton, L. A.; Hawser, S. P.; Beattie, K. A.; Fawell, J. K.; and Edwards, C.  (1990).  Cyanobacterial toxins and biotechnology.  Recent Advances in Algal Biotech.  Vol. L-15,  Proceedings of the 5th International Conference for the Society of Applied Algology. Jan. 28-Feb. 2, 1990; Tiberias, Israel.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ biotechnology.  (Abstract)
458.     Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; and Beattie, K. A.  (1999).   Retention of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin by salad lettuce (Latuca sativa) after spray irrigation with water containing cyanobacteria.   Toxicon 37:1181-1185.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ lettuce/ irrigation.
459.     Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Morrison, L. F.; Krienitz, L.; Ballot, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; and Kotut, K.  (2003).   Susceptibility of flamingos to cyanobacterial toxins via feeding.   Vet. Record 152(23):722-723.  Keywords:  susceptibility/ lesser flamingos/ toxins/ Kenya.
460.     Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Ward, C. J.; Beattie, K. A.; Bell, S. G.; Kaya, K.; and Poon, G. K.  (2001).   Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by physicochemical and biochemical methods.   J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 84(5):1626-1635.  Keywords:  paralytic shellfish poisons/ performance liquid chromatography/ phosphatase inhibition assay/ linked immunosorbent assay/ hepatotoxin microcystin-LR/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ blue-green algae/ mass spectrometry/ protein phosphatase.
461.     Codd, G. A. and Poon, G. K.  (1988).  Cyanobacterial toxins.  In: L. J. Rogers and J. R. Gallon (eds.)  Biochemistry of the Algae and Cyanobacteria.  Oxford University Press: Oxford [England]; Clarendon Press: New York ,  pp. 283-296, Ch. 15.  374 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.
462.     Codd, G. A. and Roberts, C.  (1991).   Public health aspects of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).   Pub. Health Lab. Serv. Microbiol. Digest 8(3):79-100.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ public health.
463.     Codd, G. A.; Steffensen, D. A.; Burch, M. D.; and Baker, P. D.  (1994).   Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in Lake Alexandrina:  learning from history.   Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 45:731-736.  Keywords:  blooms/ cyanotoxin/ Lake Alexandrina/ history.
464.     Cohen, P.  (2001).   The role of protein phosphorylation in human health and disease .   Eur. J. Biochem. 268(19):5001-5010.  Keywords:  cancer/ diabetes/ drugs/ GSK3/ inflammation/ protein/ kinase/ phosphorylation/ signal transductionw.  (Delivered on June 30th 2001 at the FEBS Meeting in Lisbon)
465.     Cohen, P. and Cohen, P. T. W.  (1989).   Protein phosphatases come of age.   J. Biol. Chem. 264(36):21435-21438.  Keywords:  protein phosphatases.
466.     Cohen, S. G. and Rief, C. B.  (1953).   Cutaneous sensitization to blue-green algae.   J. Allergy 24(5):452-457.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ allergy/ dermatitis.
467.     Cole-Mundy, L.  (1983).  A Study of Some Neuropharmacological Effects of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena flos-aquae Neurotoxins.  M.Sc. Thesis.  Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. 85 pp.    Keywords:  neuropharmacological effects/ cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ neurotoxins.
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470.     Cook, N.  (1992).  The effect of cyanobacterial water bloom formation upon conjugational gene transfer between associated heterotrophic bacteria.  In:  Release of Genetically Modified Microorganisms.  Regem:Vol. 263, pp. 207-208.   Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ waterbloom/ gene transfer/ heterotrophic bacteria.
471.     Cook, W. O.; Beasley, V. R.; Dahlem, A. M.; Dellinger, J. A.; Harlin, K. S.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1988).   Comparison of effects of anatoxin-a(s) and paraoxon, physostigmine and pyridostigmine on mouse-brain cholinesterase activity.   Toxicon 26(8):750-753.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon/ comparison/ mouse brain.  (Technical Note)
472.     Cook, W. O.; Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser, S. B.; Mahmood, N. A.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1989).   Consistent inhibition of peripheral cholinesterases by neurotoxins from the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae:  studies of ducks, swine, mice and a steer.   Environ. Toxicol. Chem 8(10):915-922.  Keywords:  peripheral cholinesterase-inhibiting toxins/ algae/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin-a(s)/ cyanobacteria/ phycotoxins/ neurotoxins/ ducks/ swine/ mice/ steer.
473.     Cook, W. O.; Dahlem, A. M.; Harlin, K. S.; Beasley, V. R.; Hooser, S. B; Haschek, W. M.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1991).   Reversal of cholinesterase inhibition and clinical signs and the postmortem findings in mice after intraperitoneal administration of anatoxin-a(s), paraoxon or pyridostigmine.   Vet. Human Toxicol. 33(1):1-4.  Keywords:  cholinesterase inhibition reversal/ mice/ anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon/ pyridostigmine.
474.     Cook, W. O.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser, S. B; Haschek-Hock, W. M.; Harlin, K. S.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1989).   Reversal of cholinesterase inhibition in plasma red blood cells and diaphragm:  clinical signs and postmortem findings in mice after intraperitoneal injection of anatoxin-a(s), paraoxon or pyridostigmine.   Toxicon 27(1):38-39.  Keywords:  cholinesterase inhibition reversal/ mice/ anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon/ pyridostigmine.
475.     Cook, W. O.; Dellinger, J. A.; Singh, S. S.; Dahlem, A. M.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1989).   Regional brain cholinesterase activity in rats injected intraperitoneally with anatoxin-a(s) or paraoxon.   Toxicol. Lett. 49(1):29-34.  Keywords:  cholinesterase/ rat brain/ anatoxin-a(s)/ paraoxon.
476.     Cook, W. O.; Iwamoto, G. A.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1990).   Effect of anatoxin-a(s) from  Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume and phrenic nerve activity in rats.   J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 9(5-6):393-400.  Keywords:  effect/ anatoxin-a(s)/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ rat.
477.     Cook, W. O.; Iwamoto, G. A.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1990).   Pathophysiologic effects of anatoxin-a(s) in anesthetized rats:  the influence of atropine and artificial respiration.   Pharmacol. Toxicol. 67(2):151-155.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a(s)/ rats/ atropine/ artificial respiration.
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486.     Cotton, H. L.  (1914).   Algae poisoning.   Am. J. Vet. Med. 9:903-904.  Keywords:  algae poisoning.
487.     Cousins, I. and Watts, C.D. (1992).   An Investigation of the Degradation of Microcystin-LR.   Foundation for Water Research: Report # FR 0292. 11 pp.    Keywords:  microcystin-LR degradation/ United Kingdom/ toxin.
488.     Cousins, I. T.; Bealing, D. J.; James, H. A.; and Sutton, A.  (1996).   Biodegradation of microcystin-LR by indigenous mixed bacterial populations.   Water Res.  30(2):481-485.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ algal toxins/ microcystin-LR/ biodegradation.
489.     Covacevich, J.; Davie, P., and Pearn, J.  (eds.)  (1987).  Toxic Plants & Animals:  a Guide for Australia.  Queensland Museum: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 501 pp.   Keywords:  toxic plants/ toxic animals/ Australia.
490.     Cox, P. A.; Banack, S. A.; and Murch, S. J.  (2003).   Biomagnification of cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease among the Chamorro people of Guam.   Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100(23):13380-13383.  Keywords:  neurotoxins/ neurodegenerative disease/ Chamorro people/ Guam/ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ Parkinsonism dementia complex/ flying foxes.
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492.     Craig, R. and Reichelt, B.  (1986).   Genetic engineering in algal biotechnology.   Tibtech:280-285.  Keywords:  genetic engineering/ algal biotechnology.
493.     Creasia, D. A.  (1990).   Acute inhalation toxicity of microcystin-LR with mice.   Toxicon 28(6):605.  Keywords:  toxicity/ inhalation/ microcystin-LR/ mice.  (Abstract)
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495.     Cremer, J.; Meyer, H.; and Henning, K.  (1991).   Separation of methylated and non-methylated cyanoginosin-LR homologs of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806 by reversed-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography.   J. Chromat. 558(2):430-434.  Keywords:  cyanoginosin-LR/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ reversed-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography.
496.     Cronberg, G.  (1999).   Qualitative and quantitative investigations of phytoplankton in Lake Ringsjön, Scania, Sweden.   Hydrobiologia 404:27-40.  Keywords:  phytoplankton/ fish reduction/ phosphorus/ biomanipulation/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis/ Anabaena/ Aphanizomenon/ Aulacoseira/ cryptomonads/ Lake Ringsjön/ Sweden.
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499.     Cross, T. F. and Southgate, T.  (1980).   Mortalities of fauna of rocky substrates in south-west Ireland associated with the occurrence of Gyrodinium aureolum blooms during autumn 1979.   J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 60:1071-1073.  Keywords:  shore animals/ trout/ mortality/ blooms/ Gyrodinium aureolum/ Ireland.
500.     Culotta, E.  (1992).   Red menace in the world's oceans.   Science 257:1476-1477.  Keywords:  toxic algal blooms/ red tide.
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503.     D'Aniello, F.; Mann, A.; Schoenfelder, A.; and Taddei, M.  (1997).   Stereoconvergent synthesis of (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S, 4E, 6E)-N-Boc-Adda starting from (S)-serine and (S)-phenyllactic acid.   Tetrahed. 53(4):1447-1456.  Keywords:  synthesis/ Adda/ serine/ phenyllactic acid.
504.     Dabholkar, A. S. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1987).   Time course ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver induced by hepatotoxin from the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain 7820.   Toxicon 25(3):285-292.  Keywords:  ultrastructural changes/ mouse liver/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
505.     Dabholkar, A. S. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1986).  Ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver induced by hepatotoxin from the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.  In: G. W. Bailey, (ed.)  Proceedings 44th Annual Meeting Electron Microscopy Soc. America.  San Francisco Press: San Francisco.  pp. 360-361.  Aug. 10-15, 1986; Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.
506.     Dabholkar, A. S. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1987).   Ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver induced by hepatotoxin from the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain 7820.   Toxicon 25(3):285-292.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin/ mouse liver.
507.     Dabholkar, A. S.; Carmichael, W. W.; Berg, K.; and Wyman, J.  (1987).  Ultrastructural changes in isolated rat liver perfused with cyclic heptapeptide toxins from Norwegian freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).  In: G. W. Bailey, (ed.)  Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting Electron Microscopy Soc. Am.  San Francisco Press: San Francisco.  pp. 858-859.  Aug. 2-7, 1987; Baltimore, Maryland.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin.
508.     Daft, M. J.; Burnham, J. C.; and Yamamoto, Y.  (1985).   Lysis of Phormidium luridum by Myxococcus fulvus in continuous flow cultures.   J. Appl. Bacteriol. 59:73-80.  Keywords:  lysis/ Phormidium luridum/ Myxococcus fulvus.
509.     Daft, M. J. and Stewart, W. D. P.  (1971).   Bacterial pathogens of freshwater blue-green algae.   New Phytol.  70:819-829.  Keywords:  pathogens/ freshwater/ blue-green algae/ lysis.
510.     Daft, M. J. and Stewart, W. D. P.  (1973).   Light and E.M. microscope observations on algal lysis by bacterium CP-1.   New Phytol. 72:799-808.  Keywords:  algal lysis/ bacterium.
511.     Dahl, E. (1984).   Two occasions of mass occurrence of Nodularia spumigena along the southern coast of Norway.  In:  Statens Biologiske Stasjon.   Flodeviken, Arendal.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena / Norway.  (Abstract)
512.     Dahl, J.  (1968).   Giftige blagronnalger i ferskvand.   Skr. Danm. Fiskeri-Havunders. 28:47-52.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Danish)
513.     Dahlem, A. M.  (1989).   Reversed-phase HPLC analysis of monocyclic peptide hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).   Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 198:60-ANYL.  Keywords:  HPLC/ hepatotoxins/ monocyclic.  (Meeting Abstract)
514.     Dahlem, A. M.  (1989).  Structure/Toxicity Relationships and Fate of Low Molecular Weight Peptide Toxins from Cyanobacteria.  Ph.D Thesis.  Univ. of Illinois, 213 pp.    Keywords:  structure/ toxicity/ relationship/ cyanobacteria.
515.     Dahlem, A. M.; Beasley, V. R.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Suzuki, M.; Harvis, C. A.; Rinehart, K. L., and Carmichael, W. W.  (1989).  The role of a,b-unsaturated amino acids in the toxicity of microcystin-LR and nodularin, two hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria.  Toxicologist.  9(1):168.  Keywords:  unsaturated amino acids/toxicity/microcystin-LR/nodularin/cyanobacteria.  (28th Annual Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 — Abstract #670)
516.     Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Swanson, S. P.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1988).   A model system for studying the bioavailability of intestinally administered microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxic peptide from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in the rat.   Pharmacol. Toxicol. 63 :1-5.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa / microcystin/ peptide/ rat.
517.     Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Swanson, S. P.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1989).   A model system for studying the bioavailability of intestinally administered microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxic peptide from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Pharmacol. Toxicol. 64(2):177-181.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin-LR/ model system.
518.     Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Swanson, S. P.; Carmichael, W. W., and Beasley, V. R.  (1988).  A model system for studying the intestinal absorption of a hepatotoxin from blue-green algae.  Toxicologist.  8(1):55.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/hepatotoxin.  (Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Dallas, TX — Abstract)
519.     Dahlem, A. M.; Hassan, A. S.; Waite, L. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1989).   Evidence for a role of glutathione in the toxicity of microcystin-LR, a toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Toxicon 27(1):39-40.  Keywords:  role/ glutathione/ toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
520.     Dahlmann, J.; Budakowski, W. R.; and Luckas, B.  (2003).   Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry based method for the simultaneous determination of algal and cyanobacterial toxins in phytoplankton from marine waters and lakes followed by tentative structural elucidation of microcystins.   J. Chromat. A  994(1-2):45-57.  Keywords:  water analysis/ toxins/ cyanobacterial toxins/ algal toxins/ microcystins/ LC/ MS.
521.     Dahlmann, J.; Ruhl, A.; Hummert, C.; Liebezeit, G.; Carlsson, P.; Granéli, E.; and Granéli, E.  (2001).   Different methods for toxin analysis in the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena (Cyanophyceae).   Toxicon 39(8):1183-1190.  Keywords:  toxin/ nodularin/ cyanobacteria/ protein phosphatase/ bioluminescence/ HPLC/ Nodularia spumigena.
522.     Danheiser, R. L.; Morin Jr., J. M.; and Salaski, E. J.  (1985).   Efficient total synthesis of (±)-anatoxin-a.   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107:8066-8073.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ synthesis.
523.     Das, B. and Singh, P. K.  (1977).   Detoxication of the pesticide benzenehexachloride by blue-green algae.   Microbios Lett. 4:99-102.  Keywords:  benzenehexachloride/ pesticide/ detoxication/ blue-green algae.
524.     Davidson, F. F.  (1959).   Poisoning of wild and domestic animals by a toxic waterbloom of Nostoc rivulare Küetz.   J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 51:1277-1287.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nostoc rivulare/ wild and domestic animal poisoning.
525.     Davies, J. M. and Mazumder, A.  (2003).   Health and environmental policy issues in Canada: the role of watershed management in sustaining clean drinking water quality at surface sources.   J. Environ. Manage. 68(3):273-286.  Keywords:  drinking water/ risk assessment/ sustainable/ enteric pathogens/ disinfection by-products/ nutrients/ cyanobacteria/ British Columbia/ Canada.

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