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309.
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Patterson, G. M. L. (1990). Tolytoxin and new scytophycins from three
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Carmeli, S.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson,
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311.
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313.
Carmichael, W. W. (1986).
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314.
Carmichael, W. W. (1974).
Anabaena flos-aquae
Toxin: its Toxicology and Mechanism of
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315.
Carmichael, W. W. (1992).
Aquatic phycotoxins—an overview of current research directions. In: O. M. Skulberg and R. Skulberg, (eds.) Toxin Producing Algae—Research and
Advances. Norwegian Institute for
Water Research: Oslo, Norway. pp.
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Keywords: phycotoxins/ aquatic/
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316.
Carmichael, W. W. (ed.)
(2001). Assessment of
Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water. AWWA Research Foundation and American Water
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Keywords: cyanotoxins/ raw water/
drinking water/ assessment/ monitoring/ analysis.
317.
Carmichael. W.W. (1991).
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria):
an overlooked health threat. Health
Environ. Digest 5(6):1-4.
Keywords: cyanobacteria/ health
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318.
Carmichael, W. W. (1982).
Chemical and toxicological studies of the toxic freshwater cyanobacteria
Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):367-372. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Anabaena
flos-aquae/ chemical studies/ toxicological studies.
319.
Carmichael, W. W. (1992).
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Keywords: cyanotoxins/ secondary
metabolites.
320.
Carmichael, W. W. (1995).
Cyanobacterial toxins. In: G. M.
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cyanotoxins.
321.
Carmichael, W. W. (1996).
Cyanobacterium blooms and health hazards: an overview.
Toxicon 34(3):299.
Keywords: cyanotoxins/ blooms/
health hazards/ overview.
322.
Carmichael, W. W. (1997).
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323.
Carmichael, W. W. (2001).
The cyanotoxins—bioactive metabolites of cyanobacteria: occurrence, ecological role, taxonomic
concerns and effects on humans. J.
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Keywords: cyanotoxins/
occurrence/ ecological role/ taxonomy/ effects/ humans.
324.
Carmichael, W. W (1981).
Freshwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) toxins—a review. In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 1-13.
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325.
Carmichael, W. W. (1988).
Freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins. In: C. L. Ownby and G. V. Odell (eds.) Natural Toxins: Characterization, Pharmacology and
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326.
Carmichael, W. W. (2001).
Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria: "the CyanoHABs". Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 7(5):1393-1407. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ cyanotoxins/ toxins/ risk/ health.
327.
Carmichael, W. W. (1990).
Isolation, characterization and detection of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins
from freshwater supplies. Ohio J.
Sci. 90(2):29. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/ characterization/
detection/ freshwater.
328.
Carmichael, W. W. (1985).
Isolation, culture and toxicity of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae). Toxicon 23(1):25-26. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ isolation/ culture/ toxicity. (First American Symposium on Animal, Plant
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329.
Carmichael, W. W. (1986).
Isolation, culture and toxicity testing of toxic freshwater
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). In: V.
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Homogenous Catalysis. Gordon &
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Keywords: cyanotoxin/ isolation/
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330.
Carmichael, W. W. (2001).
A mini-review of cyanotoxins; toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae). In: W. J. de Koe, R. A. Samson,
H. P. van Egmond, J. Gilbert, and M. Sabino, (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective
at the Turn of the Millenium. W.J.
de Koe, printed by Ponsen & Looyen: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 495-504.
574 pp. Proceedings of Xth
International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000;
Guarujá (Brazil). Keywords: cyanotoxins/ review.
331.
Carmichael, W. W. (1989).
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cyanotoxins/ overview.
332.
Carmichael, W. W. (1999).
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toxins and their relationship to aquatic ecosystem health. J.
Phycol. 35(3 Suppl.):6.
Keywords: future/ algal toxins/
aquatic health.
333.
Carmichael, W. W. (1972).
Some Factors Influencing Toxin Production and Accumulation by Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. M.Sc. Thesis.
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cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/
toxin production and accumulation.
334.
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335.
Carmichael, W. W. (1991).
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cyanotoxins/ freshwater/ health threat.
336.
Carmichael, W. W. (1996).
Toxic Microcystis and the
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262 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ environment.
337.
Carmichael, W. W. (1994).
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Keywords: cyanobacteria toxins/
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338.
Carmichael, W. W. (1994).
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Services: Canada. pp. 4-8. 92 pp.
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339.
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Toxins of freshwater algae. In:
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cyanotoxin/ freshwater.
340.
Carmichael, W. W. (ed.)
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Carmichael, W. W. and An, J. S. (1999).
Using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphatase
inhibition assay (PPIA) for the detection of microcystins and nodularins. Natural Toxins 7(6):377-385. Keywords:
cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystins/ nodularins/ detection/
immunoassay/ enzyme assay/ ELISA/ protein phosphatase/ toxins.
342.
Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F.
O.; An, J. S.; Molica, R. J. R.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Lau, S.; Rinehart, K. L.;
Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K.
(2001). Human fatalities from
cyanobacteria: chemical and biological
evidence for cyanotoxins. Environ.
Health Perspect. 109(7):663-668.
Keywords: water treatment/ risk
management/ exposure/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ human deaths.
343.
Carmichael, W. W.; Azevedo, S. M. F.
O.; Servaites, J. C.; Yuan, M.; and Soares, R. M. (2002).
Evaluation of ELISA and HPLC/MS methods for measuring microcystins in
human blood serum. In: Tenth
International Conference on Harmful Algae.
pp. 45. 2002 Annual Meeting of
the Phycological Society of America. October 21-25, 2002; St. Petersburg,
Florida. Keywords: cyanotoxins/ ELISA/ HPLC-MS/ microcystins/
human blood serum.
344.
Carmichael, W. W.; Beasley, V. R.;
Bunner, D. L.; Eloff, J. N.; Falconer, I. R.; Gorham, P. R.; Harada, K-I.;
Krishnamurthy, T.; Yu, M-J.; Moore, R. E.; Rinehart, K. L.; Runnegar, M. T. C.;
Skulberg, O. M.; and Watanabe, M. F.
(1988). Naming of cyclic
heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 26(11):971-973. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ naming.
(Letter to the Editor)
345.
Carmichael, W. W. and Bent, P. E. (1981).
Hemagglutination method for detection of freshwater cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae) toxins. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 41(6):1383-1388.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/
hemagglutination/ detection.
346.
Carmichael, W. W. and Biggs, D.
F. (1978). Muscle sensitivity differences in two avian
species to anatoxin-a produced by the freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. Can. J. Zool. 56(3):510-512. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/
anatoxin/ muscle/ avian species.
347.
Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and
Gorham, P. R. (1975). Toxicology and pharmacological action of Anabaena flos-aquae toxin. Science 187:542-544. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/
calves/ rats/ ducks/ goldfish.
348.
Carmichael, W. W.; Biggs, D. F.; and
Peterson, M. A. (1979). Pharmacology of anatoxin-a, produced by the
freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae
NRC-44-1. Toxicon 17(3):229-236. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/
anatoxin-a/ pharmacology.
349.
Carmichael, W. W.; Drapeau, C.; and
Anderson, D. M. (2000). Harvesting of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex. Born. and Flah. var. flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) from Klamath
Lake for human dietary use. J. Appl.
Phycol. 12:585-595.
Keywords: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ biomass/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/
food/ harvesting/ Klamath Lake/ Oregon/ quality control/ waterbloom.
350.
Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.;
Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.
(1989). Toxicity and partial
structure for a hepatotoxic peptide produced by Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. strain L575 cyanobacteria from
New Zealand. Toxicon 27(1):35. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/
peptide/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity/ structure/ New Zealand.
351.
Carmichael, W. W.; Eschedor, J. T.;
Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.
(1988). Toxicity and partial
structure of a hepatotoxic peptide produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. L575
from New Zealand. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 54(9):2257-2263.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ peptide/
hepatotoxin/ structure/ New Zealand.
352.
Carmichael, W. W. and Evans, W.
R. (1992). Neurotoxic Lyngbya wollei in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. North American Lake Management Society
12th Annual International Symposium.
pp. 43. Nov. 2-7, 1992; Keywords:
Lyngbya wollei/ neurotoxic/
Lake Guntersville/ Alabama. (Abstract)
353.
Carmichael, W. W.; Evans, W. R.; Yin,
Q. Q.; Bell, P.; and Moczydlowski, E.
(1997). Evidence for paralytic
shellfish poisons in the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(8):3104-3110. Keywords:
PSP/ Lyngbya wollei/
neurotoxin/ Guntersville Reservoir/ Alabama/ Tennessee River.
354.
Carmichael, W. W. and Falconer, I.
R. (1993). Diseases related to freshwater blue-green
algal toxins, and control measures. In:
I. R. Falconer (ed.) Algal Toxins in
Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic
Press: London, pp. 187-209, Ch. 12. 224 pp.
Keywords: diseases/ cyanotoxins/
freshwater/ control.
355.
Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P.
R. (1978). Anatoxins from clones of Anabaena flos-aquae isolated from lakes
of western Canada. Mitt. Internat.
Verein. Limnol. 21:285-295.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae / anatoxins/ Canada.
356.
Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P.
R. (1977). Factors influencing the toxicity and animal
susceptibility of Anabaena flos-aquae (Cyanophyta)
blooms. J. Phycol. 13(2):97-101. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/
toxicity/ animal susceptibility.
357.
Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P.
R. (1980). Freshwater cyanophyte toxins: types and their effects on the use of micro
algae biomass. In: G. Shelef and C. J.
Soeder (eds.) Algae Biomass Production
and Use. Elsevier/North Holland
Biomedical Press: Amsterdam, pp.
437-448. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ biotech.
358.
Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P.
R. (1974). An improved method for obtaining axenic
clones of planktonic blue-green algae. J.
Phycol. 10(2):238-240.
Keywords: axenic clones/ method/
blue-green algae/ Anabaena flos-aquae.
359.
Carmichael, W. W. and Gorham, P.
R. (1981). The mosaic nature of toxic blooms of
cyanobacteria. In: W. W. Carmichael
(ed.) The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 161-172.
491 pp. Keywords: cyanotoxin.
360.
Carmichael, W. W.; Gorham, P. R.; and
Biggs, D. F. (1977). Two laboratory case studies on the oral
toxicity to calves of the freshwater cyanophyte (blue-green alga) Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. Can. Vet. J. 18(3):71-75. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/
case studies/ calves.
361.
Carmichael, W. W.; He, J-W.; Eschedor,
J. T.; He, Z-R.; and Yu, M-J.
(1988). Partial structural
determination of hepatotoxic peptides from Microcystis
aeruginosa (cyanobacterium) collected in ponds of Central China. Toxicon 26(12):1213-1217. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/
hepatotoxin/ structure/ China.
362.
Carmichael, W. W. and Hyde, E. G. (2000). Anatoxins.
In: P. S. Spencer, H. H. Schaumburg, and A. C. Ludolph (eds.) Expermental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. Oxford Univesity Press: New York &
Oxford, pp. 196-198. 1352 pp.
Keywords: anatoxins.
363.
Carmichael, W. W.; Jones, C. L. A.;
Mahmood, N. A.; and Theiss, W. C.
(1985). Algal toxins and
water-based diseases. In: C. P. Straub
(ed.) Critical Reviews in
Environmental Control. Chemical
Rubber Co. Press: Florida, Vol. 15, Issue 3, pp. 275-313. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ diseases.
364.
Carmichael, W. W. and Mahmood, N.
A. (1984). Toxins from
freshwater cyanobacteria. In: E.
P. Ragelis (ed.) Seafood Toxins. American Chemical Society: Washington,
D.C., pp. 377-389. ACS Symposium Series #262. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ freshwater.
365.
Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and
Hyde, E. G. (1990). Cellular mechanisms of action for freshwaer
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) toxins.
In: A. E. Pohland and J. Richard (eds.)
Microbial Toxins in Foods and Feeds. Plenum Publ. Corp.: New York, pp. 553-573.
Keywords: mechanisms/ action/
freshwater/ cyanotoxins.
366.
Carmichael, W. W.; Mahmood, N. A.; and
Hyde, E. G. (1990). Natural toxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae). In: S. Hall and G. Strichartz
(eds.) Marine Toxins: Origin, Structure, and Molecular Pharmacology. American Chemical Society: Washington,
D.C., pp. 87-106, Ch. 6. ACS Symposium Series #418. Keywords:
cyanotoxins.
367.
Carmichael, W. W.; Pinotti, M. H.; and
Fraleigh, P. C. (1986). Toxicity of a clonal isolate of the
cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis
aeruginosa from Lake Erie. Ohio
J. Sci. 86(2):53.
Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa. (Meeting Abstract)
368.
Carmichael, W.W. and Schwartz, L.D.
(1984). Preventing livestock deaths
from blue-green algae poisoning.
In: Farmers Bulletin. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: Washington,
D.C. Report # 2275. 12 pp. Keywords:
cyanotoxin/ livestock deaths/ prevention.
369.
Carmichael, W. W.; Sirenko, L. A.;
Klochenko, P. D.; and Shevchenko, T. F.
(2001). A comparative assessment
of the toxicity of algae and cyanobacteria in water bodies of Ukraine. Phycologia 40(4
Suppl.):15. Keywords: algal toxicity/ cyanobacteria/ Ukraine.
370.
Carmichael, W. W.; Tchernajenko, V.
M.; and Evans, W. R. (1993). Cyclic peptide hepatotoxins in the
freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from blooming water bodies of
Ukraine and Euopean part of Russia. Dokl.
Akad. Nauk. 330(5):659-661.
Keywords: hepatotoxins/
freshwater/ Ukraine/ Russia. (Russian)
371.
Carmichael, W. W.; Yu, M-J.; He, Z-R.;
He, J-W.; and Yu, J-L. (1988). Occurrence of the toxic cyanobacterium
(blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa
in Central China. Arch. Hydrobiol.
114(1):21-30. Keywords: cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ China/ occurrence.
372.
Carpenter, E. J.; Bergman, B.; Dawson,
R.; Siddiqui, P. J. A.; Söderbäck, E.; and Capone, D. G. (1992).
Glutamine synthetase and nitrogen cycling in colonies of the marine diazotrophic
cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58(9):3122-3129. Keywords:
Trichodesmium thiebautii/
glutamine synthetase/ nitrogen cycling.
373.
Carpenter, E. J. and Carmichael, W.
W. (1995). Taxonomy of cyanobacteria. In: G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A.
D. Cembella (eds.) Manual on Harmful
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374.
Carpenter, E. J.; Chang, J.; Cottrell,
M.; Schubauer, J.; Paerl, H. W.; Bebout, B. M.; and Capone, D. G. (1990).
Re-evaluation of nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms in the
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nitrogenase oxygen-protective mechanisms/ Caribbean Sea.
375.
Carpenter, E. J.; Harvey, H. R.; Fry,
B.; and Capone, D. G. (1997). Biogeochemical tracers of the marine
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tracers.
376.
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B. (1993). The tropical diazotrophic phytoplankter Trichodesmium: biological characteristics of two common
species. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 95:295-304. Keywords:
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characteristics.
377.
Carpenter, E. J. and Roenneberg,
T. (1995). The marine planktonic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp.: photosynthetic rate measurements in the SW
Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Ecol.–Prog.
Ser. 118(1-3):267-273.
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phytoplankton/ marine planktonic cyanobacteria/ marine diazotrophs/ N2
fixation/ photosynthetic quotient.
378.
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Golden, J. W. (1995). Programmed DNA rearrangement of a
cyanobacterial hupL gene in
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379.
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Interstrain variability in toxin production in populations of the
cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from
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cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/ peptide synthetase genes/ nontoxic
strains/ biosynthesis/ blooms/ phytoplankton/ health/ lakes/ light/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Donana National
Park (southern Spain).
380.
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381.
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399.
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500.
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