Minggu, 08 Juni 2014

CyanoHAB Search: A list of Toxic Cyanobacteria References

1.         Aas, P.; Eriksen, S.; Kolderup, J.; Lundy, P.; Haugen, J. E.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Fonnum, F.  (1996).   Enhancement of acetylcholine release by homoanatoxin-a from Oscillatoria formosa.   Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2:223-232.  Keywords:  acetylcholine/ phycotoxin/ Ca2+ channel/ cyanobacterium/ Oscillatoria formosa/ patch clamp/ peripheral nervous system/ vesicle.
2.         Abdel-Rahman, S.; El-Ayouty, Y. M.; and Kamael, H. A.  (1993).   Characterization of heptapeptide toxins extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa (Egyptian isolate)—comparison with some synthesized analogs.   Int. J. Peptide Protein Res.  41:1-7.  Keywords:  cyanobacterium/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxins/ extraction/ purification/ HPLC/ ion spray mass/ amino acid analysis/ synthesized peptide analogs/ LD50 mouse assay/ toxicity.
3.         Abe, T.; Lawson, T.; Weyers, J. D. B.; and Codd, G. A.  (1996).   Microcystin-LR inhibits photosynthesis of Phaseolus vulgaris primary leaves:  implications for current spray irrigation practice.   New Phytol. 133(4):651-658.  Keywords:  Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean)/ photosynthesis/ microcystin-LR/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis.
4.         Aboal, M.; Puig, M. A.; Mateo, P.; and Perona, E.  (2002).   Implications of cyanophyte toxicity on biological monitoring of calcareous streams in north-east Spain.   J. Appl. Phycol. 14(1):49-56.  Keywords:  benthos/ biomonitoring/ BMWPc index/ calcareous streams/ cyanobacteria/ Cyanophyta/ diatoms/ IBD index/ macroinvertebrates/ Mediterranean/ Spain/ toxicity.
5.         Acreman, J.  (1994).   Algae and cyanobacteria—isolation, culture and long-term maintenance.   J. Ind. Microbiol. 13(3):193-194.  Keywords:  algae/ cyanobacteria/ isolation/ culture/ maintenance.
6.         Adams, W. H.; Stone, J. P.; Sylvester, B.; Stoner, R. D.; Slatkin, D. N.; Tempel, N. R.; and Siegelman, H. W.  (1988).   Pathophysiology of cyanoginosin-LR; in vivo and in vitro studies.   Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 96(2):248-257.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin.
7.         Adams, W. H.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, D. G.; Read, H.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W.  (1989).   Prophylaxis of cyanobacterial and mushroom cyclic peptide toxins.   J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 249(2):552-556.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ Amanita phalloides/ protective agents.
8.         Adams, W. H.; Stoner, R. D.; Adams, D. G.; Slatkin, D. N.; and Siegelman, H. W.  (1985).   Pathophysiologic effects of a toxic peptide from Microcystis aeruginosa.   Toxicon 23(3):441-447.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide.
9.         Adamson, R. H.; Chabner, B.; and Fujiki, H.  (1989).   U.S.-Japan Seminar on "Marine Natural Products and Cancer".   Jap. J. Cancer Res. 80:1141-1144.  Keywords:  marine natural products/ cancer.  (Meeting Report)
10.       Adelman Jr., W. J.; Fohlmeister, J. F.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Ikawa, M.  (1982).   Sodium channels blocked by aphantoxin obtained from the blue-green alga, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.   Toxicon 20(2):513-516.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon/ aphantoxin.
11.       Adeyemo, O. M. and Sirén, A. L.  (1992).   Cardio-respiratory changes and mortality in the conscious rat induced by (+)- and (±)-anatoxin-a.   Toxicon 30(8):899-905.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ rat mortality.
12.       Admi, V.; Afek, U.; and Carmeli, S.  (1996).   Raocyclamides A and B, novel cyclic hexapeptides isolated from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria raoi.   J. Natural Products 59(4):396-399.  Keywords:  Oscillatoria raoi/ hexapeptides/ isolated.
13.       Aggen, J. B.; Humphrey, J. M.; and Chamberlin, A. R.  (1995).  Microcystin LA and LR:  progress towards the total synthesis of two protein phosphatase inhibiting cyclic hetapeptides.  Abstracts of Papers American Chemical Society.  210(1-2),  pp. ORGN 368.  210th Am. Chem. Soc. Natl. Meeting. Aug. 20-24, 1995; Chicago, Illinois.  Keywords:  synthesis/ protein phosphatase.  (Meeting Abstract)
14.       Aggen, J. B.; Humphrey, J. M.; Gauss, C-M.; Huang, H-B.; Nairn, A. C.; and Chamberlin, A. R.  (1999).   The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues of the serine-threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2A selective inhibitor microcystin-LA:  rational modifications imparting PP1 selectivity.   Bioorg. Medicinal Chem.  7(5):543-564.  Keywords:  design/ synthesis/ biological evaluation/ analogs/ microcystin-LA/ inhibitor/ PP1/ PP2A/ selective.
15.       Agrawal, M. K.; Bagchi, D.; and Bagchi, S. N.  (2001).   Acute inhibition of protease and suppression of growth in zooplankter, Moina macrocopa, by Microcystis blooms collected in Central India.   Hydrobiologia 464:37-44.  Keywords:  Microcystis/ protease inhibition/ growth suppression/ zooplankter/ Moina macrocopa/ India.
16.       Aguete, E. C.; Gago-Martínez, A.; Leão, J. M.; Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.; Menàrd, C.; and Lawrence, J. F.  (2003).   HPLC and HPCE analysis of microcystins RR, LR and YR present in cyanobacteria and water by using immunoaffinity extraction.   Talanta 59(4):697-705.  Keywords:  immunoaffinity/ clean-up/ microcystins/ HPCE.
17.       Aguete, E. C.; Gago-Martínez, A.; Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.; O'Connell, S.; Moroney, C.; and James, K. J.  (2001).   Application of HPLC and HPCE to the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins.   Chromatographia 53(Pt. 2 Suppl.):S254-S259.  Keywords:  column liquid chromatography/ micellar electrokinetic chromatography/ capillary electrophoresis/ isotachophoresis/ microcystins.
18.       Aguiar, D. G. and Azevedo, S. M. F. O.  (1998).   Effect of different nutrient concentrations on growth and hepatoxin production by Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria).   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 26:1657-1658.  Keywords:  nutrient concentrations/ growth/ hepatoxin production/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
19.       Ahmad, M. R.  (1967).   Observations on the effect of feeding Labeo rohita (Ham.) with Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.   Hydrobiologia 29:388-392.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/  Microcystis aeruginosa/ Labeo rohita.
20.       Ainslie, R. D.; Barchi Jr., J. J.; Kuniyoshi, M.; Moore, R. E.; and Mynderse, J. S.  (1985).   Structure of malyngamide C.   J. Org. Chem. 50:2859-2862.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ products/ malyngamide.
21.       Aitkin, R. and Keed, B.  (1974).   Control for toxic algae in dam water?   Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 85(2):45.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ reservoir.
22.       Akhilender Naidu, K.; Sarada, R.; Manoj, G.; Khan, M. Y.; Mahadeva Swamy, M.; Viswanatha, S.; Narasimha Murthy, K.; Ravishankar, G. A.; and Srinivas, L.  (1999).   Toxicity assessment of phycocyanin—a blue colorant from blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.   Food Biotechnol. 13(1):51-66.  Keywords:  toxicity assessment/ phycocyanin/ Spirulina platensis.
23.       Al-Layl, K. J.; Eriksson, J. E.; Poon, G. K.; and Codd, G. A.  (1988).   Peptide and alkaloid toxins in a single strain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae.   Br. Phycol. J. 23(3):290.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ peptide/ alkaloid.
24.       Al-Layl, K. J.; Poon, G. K.; and Codd, G. A.  (1988).   Isolation and purification of peptide and alkaloid toxins from Anabaena flos-aquae using high performance thin-layer chromatography.   J. Microbiol. Methods 7 (6):251-258.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ peptide/ alkaloid/ HPLC/ isolation/ purification.
25.       Alam, M. and Euler, K. L.  (1981).  Chemical studies on toxins from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.  In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 405-414.  491 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ chemical studies.
26.       Alam, M.; Ikawa, M.; Sasner Jr., J. J.; and Sawyer, P. J.  (1973).   Purification of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae toxin and its chemical and physiological properties.   Toxicon 11(1):65-72.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ purification/ chemical and physiological properties.
27.       Alam, M.; Shimizu, Y.; Ikawa, M.; and Sasner Jr., J. J.  (1978).   Reinvestigation of the toxins from the blue-green alga, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, by a high performance chromatographic method.   J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A–Environ. Sci. Eng. 13(7):493-499.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ HPLC.
28.       Albay, M.; Akcaalan, R.; Tufekci, H.; Metcalf, J. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.  (2003).   Depth profiles of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystins) in three Turkish freshwater lakes.   Hydrobiologia 505(1-3):89-95.  Keywords:  Lake Sapanca/ Lake Iznik/ Lake Taskisi/ microcystin/ Planktothrix rubescens/ Turkey/ cyanobacteria.
29.       Albuquerque, E. X.; Daly, J. W.; and Warnick, J. E  (1988).  Macromolecular sites for specific neurotoxins and drugs on chemosensitive synapses and electrical excitation in biological membranes.  In: T. Narahashi (ed.)  Ion Channels.   Plenum Publishing Corp, Vol. 1, pp. 95-162, Ch. 3.   Keywords:  neurotoxins/ chemosensitive synapses/ macromolecular sites.
30.       Albuquerque, E. X. and Oliveira, A. C.  (1979).  Physiological studies on the ionic channel of niotinic neuromuscular synapses.  In: B. Ceccarelli and F. Clementi (eds.)  Advances in Cytopharmacology.  Raven Press: New York, Vol. 3, pp. 197-211.   Keywords:  physiological studies/ ionic channel/ nicotinic neuromuscular synapses.
31.       Albuquerque, E. X. and Spivak, C. E.  (1984).  Natural toxins and their analogues that activate and block the ionic channel of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.  In: P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, S. Brogger-Christensen, and H. Kofod, (eds.)  Natural Products and Drug Development, Alfred Benzon Symposium 20.  Munksgaard, Copenhagen.  pp. 301-323.    Keywords:  natural toxins/ ionic channel/ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
32.       Allen, E. A. D. and Gorham, P. R.  (1981). Culture of planktonic cyanophytes on agar.   In: W. W. Carmichael, (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Publishing Corp.: New York, pp. 185-192.  Keywords:  cyanophytes/ culture.
33.       Allen, M. B.  (1952).   Cultivation of Myxophyceae.   Arch. Microbiol. 17:34-53.  Keywords:  Myxophyceae/ cultivation.
34.       Allen, M. M. and Stanier, R. Y.  (1968).   Selective isolation of blue-green algae from water and soil.   J. Gen. Microbiol. 51:203-209.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ isolation.
35.       Alonso-Andicoberry, C.; Garcia-Villada, L.; Lopez-Rodas, V.; and Costas, E.  (2002).   Catastrophic mortality of flamingos in a Spanish national park caused by cyanobacteria.   Vet. Record 151(23):706-707.  Keywords:  blue-green alga/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ death/ birds/ Spain/ flamingos.
36.       Amann, M. J.  (1984).   Instability and variable toxicity of HBP-tx, a toxin in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Toxicon 22(1):107-114.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ HBP-tx.
37.       Amann, M. J.  (1982).   Model of the formation of differently reacting Microcystis toxins.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):384.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ Microcystis.  (Abstract)
38.       Amann, M. J.  (1977).  Untersuchungen Über ein Pteridin als Bestandteil des Toxischen Prinzips aus Synechococcus.  Ph.D Thesis, Eberhard, Karls Universität zu Tübingen, Stuttgart. 64 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Synechococcus.  (German)
39.       Amann, M. J. and Eloff, J. N.  (1980).   A preliminary study on the toxins of different Microcystis strains.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 76(9):419-420.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis.  (Abstract)
40.       Amann, M. J. and Jüttner, F.  (1981).   A rapid procedure for the isolation of an unstable Microcystis toxin with FDF-features.   FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 12(2):191-193.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ isolation.
41.       Amé, M. V.; Díaz, M. P.; and Wunderlin, D. A.  (2003).   Occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in San Roque Reservoir (Cordoba, Argentina):  a field and chemometric study.   Environ. Toxicol. 18(3):192-201.  Keywords:  microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ water quality/ discriminant analysis/ pattern recognition/ Argentina/ San Roque Reservoir.
42.       Amemiya, Y.; Kato, K.; and Nakayama, O.  (1988).   Extracellular products of Microcystis species:  formation of slime layer and DOC pool in surrounding waters.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 23:1886-1892.  Keywords:  extracellular products/ Microcystis.
43.       Amemiya, Y. and Nakayama, O.  (1984).   The toxicity of Microcystis of waterblooms in Lake Suwa.   Yamanashi Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyu Hokoku 35:110-116.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Japan.  (Japanese)
44.       Amorim, A. and Vasconcelos, V.  (1999).   Dynamics of microcystins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.   Toxicon 37(7):1041-1052.  Keywords:  Mytilus galloprovincialis/ dynamics/ microcystins.
45.       An, J. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1994).   Use of a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the study of microcystins and nodularins.   Toxicon 32(12):1495-1507.  Keywords:  PPIA/ ELISA/ microcystins/ nodularins.
46.       Andersen, R. J.; Burgoyne, D. L.; Williams, D. E.; Kong, F. M.; Silva, E. D. de; Miao, S. C.; Allen, T. M.; Holmes, C. F. B.; Chen, D.; and Kent, M.  (1993).   New natural products from marine invertebrates.   Gazz. Chim. Ital. 123(6):293-299.  Keywords:  marine invertebrates/ screening/ cytotoxic and enzyme modulatory metabolites/ new natural products.
47.       Andersen, R. J.; Luu, H. A.; Chen, D. Z. X.; Holmes, C. F. B; Kent, M. L.; le Blanc, M.; Taylor, F. J. R.; and Williams, D. E.  (1993).   Chemical and biological evidence links microcystins to salmon 'netpen liver disease'.   Toxicon 31(10):1315-1323.  Keywords:  microcystins/ salmon netpen liver disease/ links/ British Columbia.
48.       Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P.; Gavrish, I. N.; Smirnova, M. M.; Zanina, V. V.; and Tantsjurenko, E. V.  (1977).   Some methods for isolation and purification of toxic substances of blue-green algae.    Mikrobiol. Zh. 36(5):616-620.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ isolation and purification methods.  (Ukrainian-translated)
49.       Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P.; Smirnova, M. M.; Skòpína, V. V.; and Tantsjurenko, E. V.  (1975).   On problem of toxin formation of blue-green algae.   Mikrobiol. Zh. 37(1):67-71.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxin production.  (Ukrainian)
50.       Andrijuk, E. I.; Kopteva, Zh. P; Smirnova, M. M.; Tantsjurenko, E. V.; and Zanina, V. V.  (1977).   On toxicity of natural populations of some blue-green algae.   Mikrobiol. Zh. 39(5):611-615.  Keywords:  toxicity/ blue-green algae.  (Ukrainian)
51.       Annadotter, H.; Cronberg, G.; Lawton, L. A.; Hansson, H. B.; Göthe, U.; and Skulberg, O. M.  (2001).  An extensive outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii (Oscillatoriales, Cyanophyceae) in Scania, south Sweden.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin/New York,  pp. 200-208.  357 pp.  Keywords:  gastroenteritis outbreak/ toxic cyanobacterium/ Planktothrix agardhii/ Scania/ Sweden.
52.       Annila, A.; Lehtimäki, J.; Mattila, K.; Eriksson, J. E.; Sivonen, K.; Rantala, T. T.; and Drakenberg, T.  (1996).   Solution structure of nodularin:  an inhibitor of serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatases.   J. Biol. Chem. 271(28):16695-16702.  Keywords:  nodularin/ structure.
53.       Anonymous. (1983).   Algae poisoning—Lake Forsythe.  In:  Surveillance, Report of the Lincoln.   New Zealand Animal Health Laboratory: New Zealand.  Report # No. 10. 26 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ New Zealand.
54.       Anonymous.  (1981).   Blue-green algal toxins—a directory.   Environ. Sci. Res. 20:465-479.  Keywords:  UK/ partial/ toxins/ products/ biotech.
55.       Anonymous. (1983).   Colorless algae can pollute water:  cause mastitis.  In:  Research News.   U.S.D.A.: Peoria, Ilinois.  7 pp.    Keywords:  water pollution/ cattle toxicity/ mastitis.  (Newsletter)
56.       Anonymous. (1985).   Giftproduserende Blagronnalger i Vestfold. Resultater av Undersokelser i 1984.   NIVA: Oslo.  Report # 0-84135, 18 April 1985. 21 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)
57.       Anonymous. (1986).   Giftproduserende Blagronnalger i Vestfold. Resultater av Undersokelser i 1985.   NIVA: Oslo.  Report # 0-84135, 10 January 1986. 32 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)
58.       Anonymous. (1994).   IOC-UNEP-WHO-FAO Training course on qualitative and quantitative determination of algal toxins.  In:  IOC Training Course Reports No. 29.   Friedrich-Shiller University of Jena: Jena, Germany.    Keywords:  training/ determining quantity and quality of algal toxins.
59.       Anonymous.  (1986).  Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes.  Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.
60.       Anonymous. (1986).   Observasjoner av Toksinproduserende Blagronnalger i Rogaland 1985.   NIVA: Oslo.  Report # Notat, 22 April 1986. 8 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)
61.       Anonymous. (1991).   Toxicity of Blue-Green Algae in Clear Lake, California.   Office of Drinking Water & Special Epidemiologic Studies Program: Berkeley, California.  64 pp.    Keywords:  blue-green algae/ toxicity/ California/ microcystins.  (Unpublished)
62.       Anonymous. (1985).   Vannblomst Med Giftige Blagronnalger i Rogaland Undersokelser 1984.   NIVA: Oslo.  Report # Notat 0-82087, 28 January 1985. 7 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)
63.       Anonymous. (1983).   Vannblomst med giftige blagronnalger - undersokelser i Rogaland 1982.  In:  Oversikt. Resuitater. Erfaringer.   NIVA: Oslo.  Report # 0-82087, F-83462, 18 May 1983. 42 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)
64.       Antonopoulou, S.; Oikonomou, A.; Karantonis, H. C.; Fragopoulou, E.; and Pantazidou, A.  (2002).   Isolation and structural elucidation of biologically active phospholipids from Scytonema julianum.   Biochem. J. 367(1):287-293.  Keywords:  acetylsphingomyelin/ lipid analysis/ phosphoglycolipid/ platelet-activating factor/ Scytonema julianum.
65.       Aplin, T. E. H.  (1983).   The distribution and ecology of toxic Cyanophyta in south-western Australia.   Toxicon(3 Suppl.):17-20.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ distribution and ecology/ Australia/ livestock mortality.
66.       Aplin, T. E. H  (1985).  Drinking water quality—the distribution of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in south-western Australia.  In: Water Quality:  its Significance in Western Australia.  Water Research Foundation of Australia: pp. 86-88.  Oct. 13-14; Perth, Australia.  Keywords:  drinking water quality/ cyanotoxins/ Australia.
67.       Aplin, T. E. H.  (1967).   Waterblooms.   J. Agric. West. Aust. 8(11):472-474.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.
68.       Aplin, T.E.H. and Main, D.C. (1974).   Toxic waterblooms.  Western Australia Dept. Agriculture Bull.   Report # 3940. 3-4 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ waterblooms.
69.       Aplin, T.E.H.; Pearce, G.A.; and Main, D.C. (1983).   Toxic waterblooms.  Western Australian Department of Agriculture Bulletin.   Western Australian Department of Agriculture: South Perth, Western Australia.  Report # Farmnote 153/83. 2 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ waterblooms.  (Replaces Farmnote 68/76; Superceded by Farmnote 10/90 Toxic algal blooms)
70.       Aracava, Y; Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H; Aronstam, R. S; and Albuquerque, E. X.  (1987).   Anatoxin-a analog:  loss of nicotinic agonism and gain of antagonism at the acetylcholine-activated channels.   Fed. Proc. 46:861.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a analog/ acetylcholine-activated channels.  (Abstract)
71.       Aracava, Y.; Swanson, K. L.; Rozental, R., and Albuquerque, E. X.  (1988). Structure-activity relationships of (+) anatoxin-a derivatives and enantiomers of nicotine on the peripheral and central nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes.   In: G. G. Lunt, (ed.)  Neurotox '88:  Molecular Basis of Drug and Pesticide Action.  Elsevier Science Publishers: Cambridge, U.K., pp. 157-184, Ch. 12.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ structure-activity relationships.
72.       Aranda-Rodriguez, R.; Kubwabo, C.; and Benoit, F. M.  (2003).   Extraction of 15 microcystins and nodularin using immunoaffinity columns.   Toxicon 42(6):587-599.  Keywords:  microcystins/ nodularin/ liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/ solid phase extraction/ immunoaffinity columns/ Oasis (R) HLB.
73.       Arduino, M. J.  (2000).   CDC investigations of noninfectious outbreaks of adverse events in hemodialysis facilities, 1979-1999.   Sem. Dialy. 13(2):86-91.  Keywords:  sodium-azide/ aluminum intoxication/ encephalopathy/ sucralfate/ toxicity/ Brazil.
74.       Arment, A. R. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1996).   Evidence that microcystin is a thio-template product.   J Phycol. 32:591-597.  Keywords:  biotoxins/ cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide-synthetase/ thio-template.
75.       Armstrong, J. E.; Janda, K. E.; Alvarado, B.; and Wright, A. E.  (1991).   Cytotoxin production by a marine Lyngbya strain (cyanobacterium) in a large-scale laboratory bioreactor.   J. Appl. Phycol. 3(3):277-282.  Keywords:  cytotoxin production/ Lyngbya/ marine/ bioreactor.
76.       Aro, S.; Muittari, A.; and Virtanen, P.  (1980).   Bathing fever epidemic of unknown aetiology in Finland.   Int. J. Epidemiology 9(3):215-218.  Keywords:  water disease epidemic/ Finland.
77.       Aronstam, R. S. and Witkop, B.  (1981).   Anatoxin-a interactions with cholinergic synaptic molecules.   Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78(7):4639-4643.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ interactions with synaptic molecules.
78.       Arthur, J.C. (1887).   Second report on some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous.  In:  Dept. Agric. Report 1881/86.   Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota.  Report # Biennial Report of the Board of Regents No. 4, Suppl. No. 1  (Also quoted in: Idem. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:97). 109-112 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Minnesota.
79.       Arthur, J. C.  (1883).   Some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous.   Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. 2:1-12.  Keywords:  algae/ poisonous/ Minnesota.
80.       Arthur, J.C. (1887).   Some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous.  In:  Dept. Agric. Report 1881/86.   Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota.  Report # Biennial Report of the Board of Regents No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, pp. 97-103.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Minnesota.
81.       Asai, R.; Horiguchi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; McNiven, S.; Tahira, P.; Ikebukuro, K.; Uchiyama, S.; Masuda, Y.; and Karube, I.  (2001).   Detection of phycobilin pigments and their seasonal change in Lake Kasumigaura using a sensitive in situ fluorometric sensor.   Analyt. Lett. 34(14): 2521-2533.  Keywords:  fluorescence sensor/ phycocyanin/ waterbloom/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Lake Kasumigaura.
82.       Ash, C.; MacKintosh, C.; MacKintosh, R.; and Fricker, C. R.  (1995).   Development of a colorimetric protein phosphorylation assay for detecting cyanobacterial toxins.   Water Sci. Technol. 31(5-6):47-49.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxin assay/ colorimetry/ protein phosphatase inhibition.
83.       Ash, C.; MacKintosh, C.; MacKintosh, R.; and Fricker, C. R.  (1995).   Use of a protein phosphatase inhibition test for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins in water.   Water Sci. Technol. 31(5-6):51-53.  Keywords:  detection/ cyanobacterial toxins/ PPIA/ microcystin/ algal hepatotoxins.
84.       Ashworth, C. T. and Mason, M. F.  (1946).   Observations on the pathological changes produced by a toxic substance present in blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa).   Am. J. Pathol. 22:369-383.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ pathological changes.
85.       Astrachan, N. B. and Archer, B. G.  (1981).  Simplified monitoring of anatoxin-a by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and the sub-acute effects of anatoxin-a in rats.  In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 437-446.  491 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ monitoring/ HPLC/ rats.
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88.       Aune, T. and Berg, K.  (1986).   Use of freshly prepared rat hepatocytes to study toxicity of blooms of the blue-green algae  Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii.   J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 19:325-336.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ hepatotoxin/ rat hepatocyte/ Norway.
89.       Avakyan, A. A. and Baulina, O. I.  (1972).   The ultrastructural organization of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz Emend. Elenk. in connection with toxicogenesis.   Zh. Mikrobbiol. Epidem. Immuno. 49(8):106-109.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxicogenesis.
90.       Ayres, S.  (1949).   Discussion of W.M. Sams' Seabather's eruption.   Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 60:236.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ dermatitis.
91.       Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Carmichael, W. W.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Lau, S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K.  (2001).   Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru-Brazil.   Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):32.  Keywords:  microcystin/ Brazil/ human intoxication/ dialysis/ Caruaru.  (Conference Proceedings)
92.       Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Carmichael, W. W.; Jochimsen, E. M.; Rinehart, K. L.; Lau, S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Eaglesham, G. K.  (2002).   Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru—Brazil.   Toxicology 181-182:441-446.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystins/ cylindrospermopsin/ human health/ Caruaru, Brazil.
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94.       Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Evans, W. R.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1993).   Isolation, purification and characterization of hepatotoxic microcystins:  cyclic peptides from a Brazilian Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacterium, blue-green algae).   Toxicon 31(2):110.  Keywords:  isolation/ purification/ characterization/ microcystins/ Brazil/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
95.       Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Namikoshi, M.  (1994).   First report of microcystins from a Brazilian isolate of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   J. Appl. Phycol. 6:261-265.  Keywords:  microcystins/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxins.
96.       Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; Evans, W. R.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Namikoshi, M.  (1994).   Isolation and characterization of hepatotoxic microcystins from a Brazilian cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa.   J. Appl. Phycol. 6(1):1-5.  Keywords:  isolation/ characterization/ microcystins/ Brazil/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
97.       Aziz, K. M. S.  (1974).   Diarrhea toxin obtained from a waterbloom-producing species, Microcystis aeruginosa Kützing.   Science 183:1206-1207.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ diarrhea/ DSP.
98.       Babcock-Jackson, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Culver, D. A.  (2002).   Dreissenid mussels increase exposure of benthic and pelagic organisms to toxic microcystins.   Internat. Verein. Limnol. Vol 28(Pt 2):1082-1085.  Keywords:  zebra mussels/ Lake Erie/ Great Lakes/ Saginaw Bay/ polymorpha/ phytoplankton/ predation/ Lake Huron.  (Verhandlungen-Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 2001)
99.       Backer, L. C.  (2002).   Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs): Developing a public health response.   Lake Reservoir Manage. 18(1):20-31.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ cyanobacterial toxins/ cyanotoxins/ drinking water/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ water/ toxins/ lake/ toxicity/ exposure/ peptide/ Brazil.
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101.     Baganz, D.; Staaks, G.; and Steinberg, C.  (1998).   Impact of the cyanobacteria toxin, microcystin-LR on behavior of zebrafish, Danio rerio.   Water Res. 32(3):948-952.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ impact/ behavior/ zebrafish/ Danio rerio.
102.     Bagchi, S. N.; Chauhan, V. S.; and Marwah, J. B.  (1993).   Effect of an antibiotic from Oscillatoria late-virens on growth, photosynthesis and toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa.   Curr. Microbiol. 26(4):223-228.  Keywords:  antibiotic/ growth/ photosynthesis/ toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
103.     Bagchi, S. N.; Palod, A.; and Chauhan, V. S.  (1990).   Algicidal properties of a bloom-forming blue-green alga, Oscillatoria sp.   J. Basic Microbiol. 30(1):21-29.  Keywords:  algicidal properties/ cyanobacteria/ Oscillatoria.
104.     Bagotsky, S. V.  (1991).   Mathmatical model describing auto-oscillation in concentrations of toxins secreted by algae.   Biofizika 36(1):117-121.  Keywords:  mathematical model/ toxin concentrations/ cyanotoxin.  (Russian)
105.     Bagu, J. R.; Sönnichsen, J. D.; Williams, D.; Andersen, R. J.; Sykes, B. D.; and Holmes, C. F. B.  (1995).   Comparison of the solution structures of microcystin-LR and motuporin.   Struc. Biol. 2(2):114-116.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ structure comparison/ motuporin.
106.     Bagu, J. R.; Sykes, B. D.; Craig, M. M.; and Holmes, C. F. B.  (1997).   A molecular basis for different interactions of marine toxins with protein phosphatase 1 molecular models for bound motuporin, microcystins, okadaic acid, and calyculin A.   J. Biol. Chem. 272(8):5087-5097.  Keywords:  interactions/ marine toxins/ protein phosphatase 1/ molecular models/ motuporin/ microcystins/ okadaic acid/ calyculin A.
107.     Baier, W.; Loleit, M.; Fischer, B.; Jung, G.; Neumann, U.; Weiss, M.; Weckesser, J.; Hoffmann, P.; Bessler, W. G.; and Mittenbuhler, K.  (2000).   Generation of antibodies directed against the low-immunogenic peptide-toxins microcystin-LR -RR and nodularin.   Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 22(5):339-353.  Keywords:  microcystin/ microcystin-specific antibodies/ adjuvanticity/ lipopeptides/ T-h-epitope/ toxin detection/ vaccination.
108.     Bailey, J. W.  (1959).   Algae can poison cattle.   Jersey J. 6:5.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ cattle poisoning.
109.     Bailey-Watts, A. E. and Komárek, J.  (1991).   Towards a formal description of a new species of Synechococcus (cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae) from the freshwater picoplankton.   Arch. Hydrobiol.–Algol. Stud. 88 (Suppl.):5-19.  Keywords:  cyanophyceae/ cyanobacteria/ Synechococcus/ morphological variation/ taxonomy/ fine structure/ ecology/ picoplankton.
110.     Baker, G.  (ed.).   South African Journal of Science.  (1982).  78(9):343-388    Keywords:  toxins/ lectins.  (Proceedings of Conference by IUBS on Toxins and Lectins)
111.     Baker, J. A.; Entsch, B.; Neilan, B. A.; and McKay, D. B.  (2002).   Monitoring changing toxigenicity of a cyanobacterial bloom by molecular methods.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(12):6070-6076.  Keywords:  paralytic shellfish poisons/ ribosomal-RNA sequences/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ genus Microcystis/ environmental samples/ Anabaena circinalis/ toxic cyanobacteria/ intergenic spacer/ nontoxic strains/ drinking water/ Malpas Dam/ Australia.
112.     Baker, P. D.  (1999).   Role of akinetes in the development of cyanobacterial populations in the lower Murray River, Australia.   Mar. Freshwater Res. 50(3):265-279.  Keywords:  Anabaena/ wetlands/ ecology/ life history/ Australia/ akinetes/ Murray River.
113.     Baker, P. D. and Bellifemine, D.  (2000).   Environmental influences on akinete germination of Anabaena circinalis and implications for management of cyanobacterial blooms.   Hydrobiologia 427(1-3):65-73.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Anabaena circinalis/ akinetes/ germination/ wetland management.
114.     Baker, P. D. and Humpage, A. R.  (1994).   Toxicity associated with commonly occurring cyanobacteria in surface waters of the Murray-Darling Basin.   Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 45:773-786.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ surface waters/ Murray-Darling Basin.
115.     Baker, T. R.; Doucette, G. J.; Powell, C. L.; Boyer, G. L.; and Plumley, F. G.  (2003).   GTX(4) imposters: characterization of fluorescent compounds synthesized by Pseudomonas stutzeri SF/PS and Pseudomonas/Alteromonas PTB-1, symbionts of saxitoxin-producing Alexandrium spp.   Toxicon 41(3):339-347.  Keywords:  saxitoxin/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ Alexandrium/ bacteria/ Pseudomonas stutzeri/ Pseudomonas/ Alteromonas.
116.     Baldia, S. F.; Conaco, M. C. G.; Nishijima, T.; Imanishi, S.; and Harada, K-I.  (2003).   Microcystin production during algal bloom occurrence in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines.   Fish. Sci.  9(1):110-116.  Keywords:  algal bloom/ cyanobacteria/ Laguna de Bay/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin/ toxin production/ Philippines.
117.     Ball, A. S.; Williams, M.; Vincent, D.; and Robinson, J.  (2001).   Algal growth control by a barley straw extract.   Bioresource Technol. 77(2):177-181.  Keywords:  antialgal activity/ barley straw/ Microcystis sp./ aeruginosa/ inhibitors.
118.     Ballot, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Kotut, K.; Krause, E.; Metcalf, J. S.; Morrison, L. F.; Codd, G. A.; and Krienitz, L.  (2002).  Cyanobacterial toxins, a further contributory cause of mass deaths of flamingos at Kenyan Rift Valley lakes.  In: Tenth International Conference on Harmful Algae.  pp. 20.  2002 Annual Meeting of the Phycological Society of America.  October 21-25, 2002; St. Petersburg, Florida.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ flamingo deaths/ Kenya.
119.     Ballot, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Kotut, K.; and Krienitz, L.  (2003).   Cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Baringo, Kenya.   Limnologica 33(1):2-9.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ anatoxin-a/ Lake Baringo, Kenya/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ environmental-factors/ Bautzen reservoir/ population/ quantification/ dynamics/ Morocco/ Africa/ rates.
120.     Banker, R. and Carmeli, S.  (1999).   Inhibitors of serine proteases from a waterbloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp.   Tetrahed. 55(35):10835-10844.  Keywords:  protease inhibitors/ Microcystis.
121.     Banker, R. and Carmeli, S.  (1998).   Tenuecyclamides A-D, cyclic hexapeptides from the cyanobacterium Nostoc spongiaeforme var. tenue.   J. Natural Products 61(10):1248-1251.  Keywords:  cyclic hexapeptides/ Nostoc spongiaeforme.
122.     Banker, R.; Carmeli, S.; Hadas, O.; Teltsch, B.; Porat, R.; and Sukenik, A.  (1997).   Identification of cylindrospermopsin in Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanophyceae) isolated from Lake Kinneret, Israel.   J. Phycol. 33(4):613-616.  Keywords:  cylindrospermopsin identification/ Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ Lake Kinneret/ Israel.
123.     Banker, R.; Carmeli, S.; Werman, M.; Teltsch, B.; Porat, R.; and Sukenik, A.  (2001).   Uracil moiety is required for toxicity of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin.   J. Toxicol. Environ. Health–Part A 62(4):281-288.  Keywords:  Aphanizomenon ovalisporum forti/ cultured rat hepatocytes/ Lake Kinneret/ alkaloid cylindrospermopsin/ Umezakia/ Natans/ raciborskii/ Cylindrospermopsis/ Israel/ glutathione/ Queensland.
124.     Banker, R.; Teltsch, B.; Sukenik, A.; and Carmeli, S.  (2000).   7-epicylindrospermopsin, a toxic minor metabolite of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum from Lake Kinneret, Israel.   J. Natural Products 63(3):387-389.  Keywords:  cylindrospermopsin/ Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ hepatoxin/ isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkenes/ Umezakia/ Lake Kinneret, Israel.
125.     Banner, A. H.  (1959).   A dermatitis-producing alga in Hawaii.   Hawaii Med. J. 19:35-36.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ dermatitis/ Hawaii.
126.     Banner, A. H.  (1967).  Marine toxins from the Pacific.  1. Advances in the investigation of fish toxins.  In: F. E. Russell and P. R. Saunders, (eds.)  Animal Toxins:  a Collection of Papers.  Pergamon Press: Oxford/New York.  1st ed.,  pp. 157-165.  428 pp.  International Symposium on Animal Toxins. 1966; Atlantic City.  Keywords:  Schizothrix/ toxin/ Tan Tan/ blue-green algae.
127.     Banner, A. H.; Scheuer, P. J.; Sasaki, S.; Helfrich, P.; and Alender, B. C.  (1960).   Observations on ciguatera-type toxin in fish.   Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 90:770-787.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ ciguatera.
128.     Barchi Jr., J. J.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1984).   Acutiphycin and 20,21-Didehydroacutiphycin, new antineoplastic agents from the Cyanophyta Oscillatoria acutissima.   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:8193-8197.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria acutissima/ acutiphycin/ antineoplastic.
129.     Barchi Jr., J. J.; Norton, T. R.; Furusawa, E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.  (1983).   Identification of a cytotoxin from Tolypothrix byssoidea as tubercidin.    Phytochem. 22(12):2851-2852.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Tolypothrix byssoidea/ scytonemataceae cultured cells/ tubercidin/ anticancer/ antineoplastic/ NMR/ bioassay/ nucleoside/ pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.
130.     Barco, M.; Rivera, J.; and Caixach, J.  (2002).   Analysis of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in water samples by microbore reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.   J. Chromat. A  959(1-2):103-111.  Keywords:  water analysis/ hepatotoxins/ cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins/ nodularins.
131.     Barker, G. L. A.; Hayes, P. K.; O'Mahoney, S. L.; Vacharapiyasophon, P.; and Walsby, A. E.  (1999).   A molecular and phenotypic analysis of Nodularia (cyanobacteria) from the Baltic Sea.   J. Phycol. 35(5):931-937.  Keywords:  Baltic Sea/ cyanobacteria/ gas vesicle gene cluster/ genetic exchange/ Nodularia/ phycocyanin operon/ ribosomal RNA.
132.     Barker, R. J.  (1977).   Are algae toxic to honey bees?   Arizona Acad. Sci. 12(2):84-85.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ honey bees.
133.     Barnum, D. A.; Henderson, J. A.; and Stewart, A. G.  (1950).   Algae poisoning in Ontario.   Milk Producer 25:312.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Ontario.
134.     Barrett, P. R. F.; Curnow, J. C.; and Littlejohn, J. W.  (1996).   The control of diatom and cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs using barley straw.   Hydrobiologia 340(1-3):307-311.  Keywords:  diatom and cyanobacterial bloom control/ reservoirs/ barley straw.
135.     Bartel, H. and Gruetzmacher, G.  (2002).  Elimination of microcystins by slow sand filtration at the UBA experimental field.  Riverbank Filtration: Understanding Contaminant Biogeochemistry and Pathogen Removal.  Vol. 14, pp. 123-133.   Keywords:  microcystin removal.
136.     Barton, L. L.; Foster, E. W.; and Johnson, G. V.  (1980).   Viability changes in human neutrophils and monocytes following exposure to toxin extracted from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.   Can. J. Microbiol. 26:272-274.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.
137.     Bartram, J.; Carmichael, W. W.; Chorus, I.; Jones, G. J.; and Skulberg, O. M.  (1999).  Introduction.  In: I. Chorus and J. Bartram (eds.)  Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management.  E & FN Spon: London,  pp. 1-14. Ch. 1.  416 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.
138.     Bartram, J. and Rees, G.  (eds.)  (2000).   Monitoring Bathing Waters:  a Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes.  E & FN Spon: London. 337 pp.   Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ bathing waters.
139.     Bateman, K. P.; Thibault, P.; Douglas, D. J.; and White, R. L.  (1995).   Mass spectral analyses of microcystins from toxic cyanobacteria using on-line chromatographic and electrophoretic separations.    J. Chromat. A  712(1):253-268.  Keywords:  microcystins/ mass spectral analyses/ cyanotoxins/ chromatographic and electrophoretic separations.
140.     Bates, H. A. and Rapoport, H.  (1979).   Synthesis of anatoxin-a via intramolecular cyclization of iminium salts.   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101(5):1259-1265.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ synthesis/ iminium salts.
141.     Batista, T.; Sousa, G. de; Suput, J. S.; Rahmani, R.; and Suput, D. A.  (2003).   Microcystin-LR causes the collapse of actin filaments in primary human hepatocytes.   Aquat. Toxicol. 65(1):85-91.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ human hepatocytes/ hepatotoxicity/ actin/ nucleus.
142.     Battle, T.; Maguire, T.; Moulsdale, H.; and Doyle, A.  (1999).   Progressive maturation resistance to microcystin-LR cytotoxicity in 2 different hepatospheroidal models.   Cell. Biol. Toxicol. 15(1):3-12.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ cytotoxicity/ resistance/ hepatospheroids/ rotating wall vessel/ simulated microgravity.
143.     Battle, T.; Touchard, C.; Moulsdale, H. J.; Dowsett, B.; and Stacey, G. N.  (1997).   New cell substrates for in vitro evaluation of microcystin hepatocytoxicity.   Toxicol. in Vitro 11(5):557-567.  Keywords:  microcystin hepatocytoxicity/ in vitro evaluation.
144.     Bauer, S. M. and Armstrong, R. W.  (1999).   Total synthesis of motuporin (nodularin-V).   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121(27):6355-6366.  Keywords:  nodularin/ synthesis/ motuporin.
145.     Bauer, S. M. and Armstrong, R. W.  (1997).   Total synthesis of motuporin (nodularin-V) and related cyclic peptides.   Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 214(Part 2):274-ORGN.  Keywords:  synthesis/ motuporin/ nodularin.
146.     Bean, M. F.; Carr, S. A.; Thorne, G. C.; Reilly, M. H.; and Gaskell, S. J.  (1991).   Tandem mass spectrometry of peptides using hybrid and four-sector instruments:  a comparative study.   Analyt. Chem. 63(14):1473-1481.  Keywords:  mass spectrometry/ peptides.
147.     Beasley, V. R.; Cook, W. O.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser, S. B.; Lovell, R. A.; and Valentine, W. M.  (1989).   Algae intoxication in livestock and waterfowl.   Vet. Clin. N. Am.—Food Animal Practice 5(2):345-361.  Keywords:  livestock/ waterfowl/ algae intoxication.
148.     Beasley, V. R.; Coppock, R. W.; Simon, J.; Ely, R.; Buck, W. B.; Corley, R. A; Carlson, D. M.; and Gorham, P. R.  (1983).   Apparent blue-green algae poisoning in swine subsequent to ingestion of a bloom dominated by Anabaena spiroides.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 182(4):413-414.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena spiroides/ swine poisoning.
149.     Beasley, V. R.; Dahlem, A. M.; Cook, W. O.; Valentine, W. M.; Lovell, R. A.; Hooser, S. B.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1989).   Diagnostic and clinically important aspects of cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxicoses.   J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1:359-365.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial toxicoses/ aspects.
150.     Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R.; Cook, W.; Lundeen, G.; Holmes, K.; Hooser, S.; Haschek-Hock, W.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1986).  Findings in preliminary pathophysiology studies in hepatotoxic and neurotoxic blue-green algae using swine and laboratory animals.  In: ACS 8th Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting.  June 8-12, 1986; Denver, Colorado.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ neurotoxin/ swine/ laboratory animals.
151.     Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Dahlem, A. M.; Haschek, W. M.; and Hooser, S. B.  (1990).  Cyclic peptide hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria.  In: R. F. Keeler and A. T. Tu (eds.)  Handbook of Natural Toxins.  Marcel Dekkar: New York, Vol. 5, pp. 459-495, Ch. 22.   Keywords:  cyclic peptide hepatotoxins/ cyanobacteria.
152.     Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Holmes, K. R.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Valentine, W. M.; Dahlem, A. M.; Hooser, S. B.; Carmichael, W. W., and Haschek, W. M.  (1989).  Effects of microcystin-LR (MCLR) on intravenously dosed swine.  Toxicologist.  9(1):28.  Keywords:  effects/microcystin-LR/swine.  (28th Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia, February 27-March 3, 1989 — Abstract #111)
153.     Beasley, V. R.; Lovell, R. A.; Holmes, K. R.; Walcott, H. E.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Hoffmann, W. E.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (2000).   Microcystin-LR decreases hepatic and renal perfusion and causes circulatory shock, severe hyperglycemia, and terminal hyperkalemia in intravascularly dosed swine.   J. Toxicol. Environ. Health–Part A  61(4):281-303.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ hepatic and renal perfusion/ swine/ blue-green alga/ isolated rat hepatocytes/ protein phosphatases/ peptide hepatotoxin/ blood perfusion/ aeruginosa/ toxicity/ toxin/ inhibition/ system.
154.     Beattie, K. A.; Kaya, K.; Sano, T.; and Codd, G. A.  (1998).   Three dehydrobutyrine-containing microcystins from Nostoc.   Phytochem. 47(7):1289-1292.  Keywords:  microcystins/ Nostoc.
155.     Beattie, K. A.; Ressler, J.; Wiegand, C.; Krause, E.; Codd, G. A.; Steinberg, C. E. W.; and Pflugmacher, S.  (2003).   Comparative effects and metabolism of two microcystins and nodularin in the brine shrimp Artemia salina.   Aquat. Toxicol. 62(3):219-226.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystin/ nodularin/ Artemia salina/ glutathione S-transferase.
156.     Beatty, M. F.; Jennings-White, C.; and Avery, M. A.  (1991).   Stereocontrolled synthesis of (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid (Adda), the characteristic amino acid of microcystins and nodularin.   J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 6:351-352.  Keywords:  microcystins/ nodularin/ characteristic amino acid/ Adda.
157.     Beatty, M. F.; Jennings-White, C.; and Avery, M. A.  (1992).   Stereocontrolled synthesis of (2S,3S,8S,9S,4E,6E)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (Adda), the amino acid characteristic of microcystins and nodularin.   J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992(13):1637-1641.  Keywords:  synthesis/ Adda/ amino acid/ microcystin/ nodularin.
158.     Bell, S. G. and Codd, G. A.  (1994).   Cyanobacterial toxins and human health.   Rev. Med. Microbiol. 5:256-264.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ human health.
159.     Belov, A. P.  (1998).   A model of phycotoxin release by cyanobacterial cells.   Ecol. Model.  110(2):105-117.  Keywords:  model/ phycotoxin release/ cyanobacterial cells.
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161.     Beltran, E. C. and Neilan, B. A.  (2000).   Geographical segregation of the neurotoxin-producing cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(10):4468-4474.  Keywords:  paralytic shellfish toxins/ environmental conditions/ saxitoxin-binding/ anatoxin-a/ saxiphilin/ poisons/ strains/ Aphanizomenon/ transferrin/ Anabaena circinalis/ Australia.
162.     Benecke, B. (1884).   Waterblooms (Wasserblüthe).  In:  Report of the Fishery Society of the Provinces of West and East Prussia (Berichte des Fischerei-Vereins der Provinzen West und Ostpreussen).   Vol. 1, pp. 11-12.   Keywords:  waterblooms.  (German)
163.     Benndorf, J. and Henning, M.  (1989).   Daphnia and toxic blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in Bautzen Reservoir (GDR).   Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 74(3):233-248.  Keywords:  toxicity of blue-greens/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ zooplankton/ Daphnia/ filtration rate/ eutrophication control/ Bautzen Reservoir/ GDR.
164.     Benoufella, F.; Laplanche, A.; Boisdon, V.; and Bourbigot, M. M.  (1994).   Elimination of Microcystis cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) by an ozoflotation process:  a pilot plant study.   Water Sci. Technol. 30(8):245-257.  Keywords:  Microcystis elimination/ ozoflotation process/ algae/ blue-green algae/ coagulation/ cyanobacteria/ flotation/ Microsystis aeruginosa/ ozone/ treatment process.
165.     Bent, P. E.  (1980).  Isolation and Characterization of Anatoxin-c, a Freshwater Cyanophyte Toxin.  M.Sc. Thesis.  Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. 65 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ isolation/ characterization.
166.     Bent, P. E. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1980).   Isolation and characterization of peptide toxins from fresh-water cyanophytes Anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa.   Ohio J. Sci. 80:66.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ peptide/ isolation/ characterization.  (Abstract)
167.     Berg, K.  (1985).  Toksinproduserende Blagronnalger i Ferskvan. Forekomst, Toksinkaraterisering, Innvirkning pa Vankvalitet.  Ph.D. Thesis.  Veterinary School, Oslo, Norway.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)
168.     Berg, K. and Aune, T.  (1987).   Freshly prepared rat hepatocytes used in screening the toxicity of blue-green algal blooms.   J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 20 :187-197.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ hepatotoxin/ toxicity screening/ rat hepatocytes.
169.     Berg, K.; Carmichael, W. W.; Skulberg, O. M.; Benestad, C.; and Underdal, B.  (1987).   Investigation of a toxic waterbloom of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae) in Lake Akersvatn, Norway.   Hydrobiologia 144(2):97-103.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Norway/ Lake Akersvatn.
170.     Berg, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Skulberg, R.  (1987).   Effects of decaying toxic blue-green algae on water quality—a laboratory study.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 108(4):549-563.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ water quality.
171.     Berg, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; Skulberg, R.; Underdal, B.; and Willén, T.  (1986).   Observations of toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in some Scandinavian lakes.   Acta Vet. Scand. 27:440-452.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ toxicity assays/ Anabaena/ Aphanizomenon/ Gomphosphaeria/ Microcystis/ Nodularia/ Oscillatoria/ Scandinavian lakes.
172.     Berg, K. and Soli, N. E.  (1985).   Effects of Oscillatoria agardhii—toxins on blood pressure and isolated organ preparations.   Acta Vet. Scand. 26:374-384.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ hepatotoxins/ effects/ blood pressure.
173.     Berg, K. and Soli, N. E.  (1985).   Toxicity studies with the blue-green alga Oscillatoria agardhii from two eutrophic Norwegian lakes.   Acta Vet. Scand. 26:363-373.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ Norway/ acute toxicity/ mice/ rats/ hepatotoxin.
174.     Berg, K.; Wyman, J.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Dabholkar, A. S.  (1988).   Isolated rat liver perfusion studies with cyclic heptapeptide toxins of Microcystis and Oscillatoria (freshwater cyanobacteria).   Toxicon 26(9):827-837.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Oscillatoria/ hepatotoxin/ rat liver perfusion.
175.     Berlin, R.  (1948).   Haff disease in Sweden.   Acta Med. Scand. 129(6):560-572.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Sweden/ Haff disease.
176.     Berlinck, R. G. S.  (1995).  Some aspects of guanidine secondary metabolites.  In: W. Herz, G. W. Kirby, R. E. Moore, W. Steglich, and Ch. Tamm (eds.)  Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products.  Springer-Verlag/Wien: New York, Vol. 66, pp. 119-295.   Keywords:  guanidine metabolites.
177.     Berman, F. W.; Gerwick, W. H.; and Murray, T. F.  (1999).   Antillatoxin and kalkitoxin, ichthyotoxins from the tropical cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula, induce distinct temporal patterns of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.   Toxicon 37(11):1645-1648.  Keywords:  Lyngbya majuscula/ temporal patterns/ neurotoxicity.
178.     Bernard, C.; Harvey, M.; Briand, J. F.; Bire, R.; Krys, S.; and Fontaine, J. J.  (2003).   Toxicological comparison of diverse Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains: evidence of liver damage caused by a French C-raciborskii strain.   Environ. Toxicol. 18(3):176-186.  Keywords:  hepatic toxicity/ renal toxicity/ cylindrospermopsin/ saxitoxins/ neosaxitoxin/ decarbamoylsaxitoxin/ cyanobacterium/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ Raphidiopsis/ health effect/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ Umezakia natans/ toxicity/ mice/ deoxycylindrospermopsin/ reservoir/ region/ Brazil.
179.     Bernstein, J. A.; Lummus, Z.; Bernstein, D. I.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Bernstein, I. L.  (2000).   Are cyanobacteria (formerly blue-green algae) allergenic?   J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105(1 part 2):S232.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ allergy.  (Abstract #688)
180.     Bertasi, B.; Bignotti, E.; Ferrando, L.; D'Abroca, F.; Scaratti, L.; and Pomati, F.  (2003).   The standardization of a molecular biology method to verify the presence of Microcystis aeruginosa.   Vet. Res. Commun. 27(Suppl.):277-279.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ PCR.
181.     Berthon, J. L. and Brousse, S.  (1995).   Modification of migratory behavior of planktonic crustacea in the presence of a bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria).   Hydrobiologia 301:185-193.  Keywords:  migrations/ spatio-temporal distribution/ zooplankton/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ bloom.
182.     Bertram, A. and Pattenden, G.  (2002).   Dendroamide A, nostocyclamide and related cyclopeptides from cyanobacteria. Total synthesis, together with organised and metal-templated assembly from oxazole and thiazole-based amino acids.   Heterocycles 58:521-561.  Keywords:  cyclooligomerisation.
183.     Best, J. H.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A.  (2003).   Effects of Microcystis cells, cell extracts and lipopolysaccharide on drinking and liver function in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum.   Aquat. Toxicol.  64(4):419-426.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ microcystin/ lipopolysaccharide/ rainbow trout/ gut/ liver/ drinking/ Microcystis/ Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum.
184.     Best, J. H.; Eddy, F. B.; and Codd, G. A.  (2001).   Effects of purified microcystin-LR and cell extracts of Microcystis strains PCC 7813 and CYA 43 on cardiac function in brown trout (Salmo trutta) alevins.   Fish Physiol. Biochem. 24(3):171-178.  Keywords:  bioassay/ cardiac output/ cyanobacteria/ heart rate/ stroke volume/ rainbow trout/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ nitric oxide/ bacterial lipopolysaccharide/ sodium nitroprusside/ in vivo/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide.
185.     Best, J. H.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Eddy, F. B.; Metcalf, J. S.; and Codd, G. A.  (2002).   Effects of enteric bacterial and cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides, and of microcystin-LR, on glutathione S-transferase activities in zebra fish (Danio rerio).   Aquat. Toxicol. 60(3-4):223-231.  Keywords:  microcystin LR/ lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ cyanobacteria/ zebra fish/ detoxication enzymes/ glutathione S-transferase (GST)/ Danio rerio.
186.     Beveridge, M. C. M.; Baird, D. J.; Rahmatullah, S. M.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.  (1993).   Grazing rates on toxic and non-toxic strains of cyanobacteria by Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Oreochromis niloticus.   J. Fish Biol. 43(6):901-907.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ grazing/ planktivores/ tilapia/ silver carp/ Hypophthalmichthys molitrix/ Oreochromis niloticus.
187.     Bewley, C. A.; Holland, N. D.; and Faulkner, D. J.  (1996).   Two classes of metabolites from Theonella swinhoei are localized in distinct populations of bacterial symbionts.   Experientia  52(7):716-722.  Keywords:  Aphanocapsa feldmanni/ Beggiatoa/ cyanobacteria/ lithistid sponge/ Theonella swinhoei/ secondary metabolites/ swinholide A/ symbiosis.
188.     Bhakuni, D. S.  (1995).   The toxic metabolites of marine organisms.   J. Sci. Ind. Res. 54(12):702-716.  Keywords:  toxic/ metabolites/ marine.
189.     Bhattacharya, R.; Rao, P. V. L.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; Pant, S. C.; and Dube, S. N.  (1996).   Liver slice culture for assessing hepatotoxicity of freshwater cyanobacteria.   Human Exp. Toxicol. 15(2):105-110.  Keywords:  liver slice culture/ viability/ cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ Microcystis/ microcystin-LR.
190.     Bhattacharya, R.; Sugendran, K.; Dangi, R. S.; and Rao, P. V. L.  (1997).   Toxicity evaluation of freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis-aeruginosa PCC-7806.   2. Nephrotoxicity in rats.   Biomed. Environ. Sci. 10(1):93-101.  Keywords:  toxicity evaluation/ Microcystis-aeruginosa/ nephrotoxicity/ rats.
191.     Bianchi, T. S.; Engelhaupt, E.; Westman, P.; Andren, T.; Rolff, C.; and Elmgren, R.  (2000).   Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea:  natural or human-induced?   Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(3):716-726.  Keywords:  isotopic composition/ marine environment/ Holocene/ sediments/ Chesapeake Bay/ organic matter/ freshwater/ nitrogen/ eutrophication/ phosphorus/ Baltic Sea.
192.     Bickel, H. and Lyck, S.  (2001).  Importance of energy charge for microcystin production.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 133-141.  357 pp.  Keywords:  energy charge/ microcystin production.
193.     Bickel, H.; Lyck, S.; and Utkilen, H.  (2000).   Energy state and toxin content:  experiments on Microcystis aeruginosa (Chroococcales, Cyanophyta).   Phycologia 39(3):212-218.  Keywords:  cyanobacterium agmenellum-quadruplicatum/ iron starvation/ growth/ temperature/ charge/ light/ ultrastructure/ physiology/ cultures/ toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
194.     Bickel, H.; Neumann, U., and Weckesser, J.  (2001). Peptides and depsipeptides produced by cyanobacteria.   In: I. Chorus, (ed.)  Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 281-286.  Keywords:  peptides/ depsipeptides/ cyanobacteria.
195.     Biggs, D. F. and Dryden, W. F.  (1977).  Action of anatoxin-I at the neuromuscular junction.  Proceedings of the Western Pharmacological Society.  Vol. 20,  pp. 461-466.  Int. Symposium on Neurotransmitters. March, 1976; St. Andrews, Scotland.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ neuromuscular junction.
196.     Billings, W. H.  (1981).  Water-associated human illness in northeast Pennsylvania and its suspected association with blue-green algae blooms.  In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 243-255.  491 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ human illness/ Pennsylvania.
197.     Bin Alam, Md. Z.; Otaki, M.; Furumai, H.; and Ohgaki, S.  (2001).   Direct and indirect inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by UV-radiation.   Water Res. 35(4):1008-1014.  Keywords:  algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ extracellular products/ UV-radiation/ residual effect/ hydrogen peroxide.
198.     Birger, T. I. and Malyarevskaya, A. Y.  (1977).   Some biochemical mechanisms of resistance of aquatic invertebrates to toxic substances.   Gidrobiologicheskii Zh. (Hydrobiol. J.) 13(6):69-73.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Russian)
199.     Birger, T. I.; Malyarevskaya, A. Y.; and Arsen, O. M.  (1973).   Etiology of the Haff (Yuksov Sartlan) disease.   Hydrobiol. J.  (Gidrobiologicheskii Zh.) 9(2):71-80.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Haff disease.
200.     Birk, I. M.; Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; Matern, U.; König, W. A.; Krebber, R.; and Weckesser, J.  (1989).   Non-toxic and toxic oligopeptides with D-amino acids and unusual residues in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC-7806.   Arch. Microbiol. 151(5):411-415.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacterium/ toxin/ oligopeptides/ D-amino acids.
201.     Birk, I. M.; Matern, U.; Kaiser, I.; Martin, C.; and Weckesser, J.  (1988).   The peptide toxin of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC-7941:  isolation and analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy.   J. Chromat. 449(2):423-431.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ NMR/ FAB/ mass spectroscopy.
202.     Bischoff, K.  (2001).   The toxicology of microcystin-LR:  occurrence, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment.   Vet. Human Toxicol. 43(5):294-297.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ hepatotoxic microcystins/ protein phosphatase/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria.
203.     Bishop, C. T.; Anet, E. F. L. J.; and Gorham, P. R.  (1959).   Isolation and identification of the fast-death factor in Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1.   Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:453-471.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation and identification/ fast-death factor.
204.     Black, E. K. and Finch, G. R.  (1993).   Detection and occurrence of waterborne bacterial and viral pathogens.   Water Environ. Res. 65(4):295-300.  Keywords:  detection/ occurrence/ waterborne pathogens.
205.     Blackburn, S. I.; McCausland, M. A.; Bolch, C. J. S.; Newman, S. J.; and Jones, G. J.  (1996).   Effect of salinity on growth and toxin production in cultures of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena from Australian waters.   Phycologia 35(6):511-522.  Keywords:  salinity/ growth and toxin production/ Nodularia spumigena/ Australia.
206.     Bláha, L. and Marsálek, B.  (2003).   Contamination of drinking water in the Czech Republic by microcystins.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 158(3):421-429.  Keywords:  drinking water/ contamination/ dissolved microcystins/ HPLC/ eutrophication/ biofilm/ Czech Republic.
207.     Bláha, L. and Marsálek, B.  (2001).  Dissolved microcystins in raw and treated drinking water.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)   Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 212-216.  357 pp.  Keywords:  dissolved microcystins/ raw / treated/ drinking water.
208.     Blankson, H.; Grotterod, E. M.; and Seglen, P. O.  (2000).   Prevention of toxin-induced cytoskeletal disruption and apoptotic liver cell death by the grapefruit flavonoid, naringin.   Cell Death & Diff. 7(8):739-746.  Keywords:  apoptosis/ cytoprotectant/ flow cytometry/ hepatocyte/ hepatoma/ hepatotoxin.
209.     Blom, J. and Jüttner, F.  (2001).   Grazer toxicity analysis of [D-Asp(3), Dhb(7)] microcystin-RR from Planktothrix rubescens.   Toxicology 164(1-3):177.  Keywords:  toxicity/ analysis/ microcystin-RR/ Planktothrix rubescens.  (Abstract)
210.     Blom, J. F.; Bister, B.; Bischoff, D.; Nicholson, G.; Jung, G.; Sussmuth, R. D.; and Jüttner, F.  (2003).   Oscillapeptin J, a new grazer toxin of the freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens.   J. Natural Products  66(3):431-434.  Keywords:  Oscillatoria agardhii nies-204/ serine-protease inhibitors/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chymotrypsin inhibitor/ strains/ toxicity/ plasmin/ Lake Zurich/ Switzerland/ Planktothrix rubescens.
211.     Bøe, R.; Gjertsen, B. T.; Vintermyr, O. K.; Houge, G.; Lanotte, M.; and Døskeland, S. O.  (1991).   The protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid induces morphological changes typical of apoptosis in mammalian cells.   Exp. Cell Res. 195:237-246.  Keywords:  protein phosphatase inhibitor/ okadaic acid/ apoptosis/ mammalian cells.
212.     Boesch, D.F.; Anderson, D.M.; Horner, R.A.; Shumway, S.E.; Tester, P.A.; and Whitledge, T.E. (eds.) (1997).   Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Waters:  Options for Prevention, Control and Mitigation.   Chesapeake Research Consortium: Edgewater, MD.  49 pp.   An Assessment Conducted for the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean Program.  (Decision Analysis Series #10).  Keywords:  harmful algal blooms/ coastal waters/ prevention/ control/ mitigation.
213.     Bokesch, H. R.; O'Keefe, B. R.; McKee, T. C.; Pannell, L. K.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Gardella, R. S.; Sowder II, R. C.; Turpin, J.; Watson, K.; Buckheit Jr., R. W.; and Boyd, M. R.  (2003).   A potent novel anti-HIV protein from the cultured cyanobacterium Scytonema varium.   Biochem. 42(9):2578-2584.  Keywords:  human-immunodeficiency virus/ cyanovirin-N/ inactivating protein/ antifreeze proteins/ natural products/ Urtica dioica/ cell fusion/ green alga/ glycoprotein/ GP120.
214.     Boland, M. P.; Smillie, M. A.; Chen, D. Z. X.; and Holmes, C. F. B.  (1993).   A unified bioscreen for the detection of diarrhetic shellfish toxins and microcystins in marine and freshwater environments.   Toxicon 31(11):1393-1405.  Keywords:  bioscreen/ diarrhetic shellfish toxins/ microcystins/ marine/ freshwater.
215.     Bolch, C. J. S. and Blackburn, S. I.  (1996).   Isolation and purification of Australian isolates of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.   J. Appl. Phycol. 8(1):5-13.  Keywords:  axenic culture/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxic/ Spirochaeta/ Australia.
216.     Bolch, C. J. S.; Blackburn, S. I.; Jones, G. J.; Orr, P. T.; and Grewe, P. M.  (1997).   Plasmid content and distribution in the toxic cyanobacterial genus Microcystis Kützing ex Lemmermann (cyanobacteria:  Chroococcales).   Phycologia 36(1):6-11.  Keywords:  plasmid content and distribution/ Microcystis.
217.     Bolch, C. J. S.; Blackburn, S. I.; Neilan, B. A.; and Grewe, P. M.  (1996).   Genetic characterization of strains of cyanobacteria using PCR-RFLP of the cpcBA intergenic spacer and flanking regions.   J. Phycol. 32(3):445-451.  Keywords:  Anabaena circinalis/ cyanobacteria/ DNA/ genetics/ intergenic spacer/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Nodularia spumigena/ PCR/ phyocyanin genes/ RFLP.
218.     Bolch, C. J. S.; Orr, P. T.; Jones, G. J.; and Blackburn, S. I.  (1999).   Genetic, morphological, and toxicological variation among globally distributed strains of Nodularia (cyanobacteria).   J. Phycol. 35(2):339-355.  Keywords:  Nodularia/ variation/ genetic/ morphological/ toxicological.
219.     Bonislawska, A.; Demkowicz-Dobrzanski, K.; Nalecz-Jawecki, G.; Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; and Sawicki, J.  (2003).   SOS chromotest genotoxicity and toxicity of cyanobacterial extracts from reservoir surface water.   Fresen. Environ. Bull. 12(10):1144-1151.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ SOS chromotest/ genotoxicity/ toxicity.
220.     Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Doolin, L. E.; Molloy, R. M.; Debono, M.; Shaffer, S. A.; Moore, R. E.; Stewart, J. B.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1991).   Tjipanazoles, new antifungal agents from the blue-green alga Tolypothrix tjipanasensis.   Tetrahed. 47(37):7739-7750.  Keywords:  Tolypothrix tjipanasensis/ structure.
221.     Bonjouklian, R.; Smitka, T. A.; Hunt, A. H.; Occolowitz, J. L.; Perun Jr., T. J.; Doolin, L.; Stevenson, S.; Knauss, L.; Wijayaratne, R.; Szewczyk, S.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1996).   A 90720A, a serine protease inhibitor isolated from a terrestrial blue-green alga Microchaete loktakensis.   Tetrahed.  52(2):395-404.  Keywords:  isolation/ structure/ Microchaete loktakensis.
222.     Bonnard, I.; Rolland, M.; Francisco, C.; and Banaigs, B.  (1997).   Total structure and biological properties of laxaphycins A and B, cyclic lipopeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.   Lett. Peptide Sci. 4(406):289-292.  Keywords:  antifungal/ cytotoxic/ synergism/ Marfey's reagent/ E-didehydroaminobutyric acid/ b-aminodeca(octa)noic acids.
223.     Bose, S. G. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1990).   Plasmid distribution among unicellular and filamentous toxic cyanobacteria.    J. Appl. Phycol. 2(2):131-136.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxicity/ plasmids/ hepatotoxin/ neurotoxin.
224.     Bossenmaier, E. F.; Olson, T. A.; Rueger, E.; and Marsh, W. H.  (1954).  Some field and laboratory aspects of duck sickness at Whitewater Lake, Manitoba.  In: Trans. 19th North American Wildlife Conference.  pp. 163-175.  March 8-10; Wildlife Management Inst., Washington, D.C.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Manitoba/ duck illness.
225.     Botana, L. M.  (ed.)  (2000).  Seafood and Freshwater Toxins:  Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection.  Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York. 798 pp.   Keywords:  freshwater toxins/ pharmacology/ physiology/ toxicology/ ecology.
226.     Botes, D. P  (1986).  Cyanoginosins—isolation and structure.  In: P. S. Steyn and R. Vleggaar, (eds.)  Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bioactive Molecules.  Elsevier: Amsterdam.  Vol. 1,  pp. 161-167.  545 pp.  July 22-25, 1985; Pretoria, S. Afr.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ cyanoginosin/ isolation/ structure.
227.     Botes, D. P.; Kruger, H.; and Viljoen, C. C.  (1982).   Isolation and characterization of four toxins from the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa.   Toxicon 20(6):945-954.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ isolation/ characterization.
228.     Botes, D. P.; Tuinman, A. A.; Wessels, P. L.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Williams, D. H.; Santikarn, S.; Smith, R. J.; and Hammond, S. J.  (1984).   The structure of cyanoginosin-LA, a cyclic heptapeptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1984(10):2311-2318.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanoginosin/ hepatotoxin/ characterization/ structure.
229.     Botes, D. P.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Wessels, P. L.; and Williams, D. H.  (1982).   Configuration assignments of the amino acid residues and the presence of N-methyldehydroalanine in toxins from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.   Toxicon 20(6):1037-1042.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ amino acid.
230.     Botes, D. P.; Viljoen, C. C.; Kruger, H.; Wessels, P. L.; and Williams, D. H.  (1982).   Structure of toxins of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):378-379.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ structure.  (Abstract)
231.     Botes, D. P.; Wessels, P. L.; Kruger, H.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Santikarn, S.; Smith, R. J.; Barna, J. C. J.; and Williams, D. H.  (1985).   Structural studies on cyanoginosins -LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa.   J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1985(12):2747-2748.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ cyanoginosin/ hepatotoxin/ structure/ NMR.
232.     Bottcher, G.; Chorus, I.; Ewald, S.; Hintze, T.; and Walz, N.  (2001).  Light-limited growth and microcystin content of Planktothrix agardhii and Microcystis aeruginosa in turbidostats.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 115-133.  357 pp.  Keywords:  light-limited growth/ microcystin content/ Planktothrix agardhii/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ turbidostats.
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235.     Bourke, A. T. C. and Hawes, R. B.  (1983).   Freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and human health.   Med. J. Aust. 1:491-492.  Keywords:  freshwater/ cyanotoxin/ human health.
236.     Bourke, A. T. C.; Hawes, R. B.; Neilson, A.; and Stallman, N. D.  (1983).   An outbreak of hepato-enteritis (the Palm Island mystery disease) possibly caused by algal intoxication.   Toxicon (3 Suppl.):45-48.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ hepatotoxin/ human health/ Palm Island disease/ Australia.
237.     Bourne, D. G.; Jones, G. J.; Blakeley, R. L.; Jones, A.; Negri, A. P.; and Riddles, P.  (1996).   Enzymatic pathway for the bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62(11):4086-4094.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ enzymatic pathway/ degradation.
238.     Bouvy, M.; Falcao, D.; Marinho, M.; Pagano, M.; and Moura, A.  (2000).   Occurrence of Cylindrospermopsis (cyanobacteria) in 39 Brazilian tropical reservoirs during the 1998 drought.   Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 23 (1):13-27.  Keywords:  bacteria/ phytoplankton/ zooplankton/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ El Nino event/ reservoirs/ co-inertia analysis/ blue-green-algae/ Lake Balaton/ phytoplankton/ fresh/ eutrophication/ zooplankton/ bacterial/ blooms/ toxins/ Brazil.
239.     Bouvy, M.; Molica, R.; Oliveira, S.; Marinho, M.; and Beker, B.  (1999).   Dynamics of a toxic cyanobacterial bloom (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) in a shallow reservoir in the semiarid region of northeast Brazil.   Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 20(3):285-297.  Keywords:  dynamics/  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ Brazil/ reservoir.
240.     Bouvy, M.; Pagano, M.; and Troussellier, M.  (2001).   Effects of a cyanobacterial bloom (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) on bacteria and zooplankton communities in Ingazeira reservoir (northeast Brazil).   Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 25(3):215-227.  Keywords:  bacteria/ phytoplankton/ zooplankton/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ reservoir/ Brazil.
241.     Bowling, L. (1992).   The Cyanobacterial (Blue-Greeen Algae) Bloom in the Darling/Barwon River System, November-December 1991.   Department of Water Resources Technical Service Report.  49 pp.    Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ bloom/ Darling-Barwon River System.
242.     Boyd, C. E.  (1973).   Biotic interactions between different species of algae.   Weed Sci. 21(1):32-36.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ interactions.
243.     Braginskii, L. P.  (1955).   On the toxicity of blue-green algae  (Otoksichnosti sine-zdenykh vodorosley).   Priroda (Nature) 44(1):117.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Anabaena.  (Ukrainian)
244.     Branco, S. M.  (1959).   Toxic algae control of toxins in wastewater (Algas toxicas controle das toxinas em aguas de abasticimento).   Rev. Dept. Água Esgotos São Paulo 20(33):21-30; 20(34):29-42.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ control/ wastewater.  (Portuguese)
245.     Brandenburg, T. O. and Shigley, F. M.  (1947).   Waterbloom as a cause of poisoning in livestock in North Dakota.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 110:384.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ North Dakota/ livestock poisoning.
246.     Brandonsisio, O.; Maggi, P.; Panaro, M. A.; Marangi, A.; Marzio, R.; and Angarano, G.  (1993).   A cyanobacterium-like body found in the stools of an HIV+ patient with diarrhoea.   Eur. J. Epidemiol. 9(4):453-454.  Keywords:  coccidian/ cyanobacterium/ AIDS/ HIV/ diarrhea.  (Letter to the Editor)
247.     Braun, A. and Pfeiffer, T.  (2002).   Cyanobacterial blooms as the cause of a Pleistocene large mammal assemblage.   Paleobiology 28(1):139-154.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ fossil vertebrates/ Neumark-Nord lake basin/ Germany.
248.     Briand, J. F.; Jacquet, S.; Bernard, C.; and Humbert, J. F.  (2003).   Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems.   Vet. Res. 34(4):361-377.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ aquatic ecosystem/ toxin/ health risk/ mammal/ blue-green algae/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ liquid-chromatographic method/ cyclic peptide toxin/ freshwater/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anabaena circinalis.
249.     Briand, J. F.; Robillot, C.; Quiblier-Lloberas, C.; and Bernard, C.  (2002).   A perennial bloom of Planktothrix agardhii (cyanobacteria) in a shallow eutrophic French lake: limnological and microcystin production studies.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 153(4):605-622.  Keywords:  hypertrophic lake/ filamentous cyanobacteria/ cyanobacteria toxins/ health hazard/ Planktothrix agardhii.
250.     Brittain, S.; Mohamed, Z. A.; Wang, J.; Lehmann, V. K. B.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; and El-Sharouny, H. M.  (2000).   Isolation and characterization of microcystins from a River Nile strain of  Oscillatoria tenuis Agardh ex Gomont.   Toxicon 38(12):1759-1771.  Keywords:  Oscillatoria tenuis/ microcystin/ River Nile/ cyanobacteria/ isolation/ characterization.
251.     Brittain, S. M.; Wang, J.; Babcock-Jackson, L.; Carmichael, W. W.; Rinehart, K. L.; and Culver, D. A.  (2000).   Isolation and characterization of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins from a Lake Erie strain of Microcystis aeruginosa.   J. Great Lakes Res. 26(3):241-249.  Keywords:  Lake Erie/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin/ isolation/ characterization.
252.     Brooks, W. P.; Bell, S. G.; and Codd, G. A.  (1986).   Production, purification and properties of Microcystis toxins.   Br. Phycol. J. 21(3):327.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ production/ purification.  (Abstract)
253.     Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A.  (1987).   Distribution of Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin and interactions with hepatic microsomes in mice.   Pharmacol. Toxicol. 60(3):187-191.  Keywords:  distribution/ cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ mice.
254.     Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A.  (1986).   Extraction and purification of toxic peptides from natural blooms and laboratory isolates of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2(1):1-3.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ extraction/ purification.
255.     Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A.  (1988).   Immunoassay of hepatotoxic cultures and water blooms of cyanobacteria using Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin polyclonal antibodies.   Environ. Technol. Lett. 9(12):1343-1348.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ immunological.
256.     Brooks, W. P. and Codd, G. A.  (1987).   Immunological and toxicological studies on Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin.   Br. Phycol. J. 22(3):301.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ immunological.  (Abstract)
257.     Brough, P. A.; Gallagher, T.; Thomas, P.; Wonnacott, S.; Baker, R.; Malik, K. M. A.; and Hursthouse, M. B.  (1992).   Synthesis and x-ray crystal structure of 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1] nonan-3-one.  A conformationally locked s-cis analogue of anatoxin-a.   J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 15:1087-1089.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ synthesis/ crystal structure.
258.     Brown, N. D.; Butler, D. L.; Katzhendler, J.; Doctor, B. P., and Chiang, P. K.  (1991).  Thymopentin pentapeptides antagonize the nicotinic activity of (+)-anatoxin-a on guinea pig ileum.  FASEB J.  5(4):A857.  Keywords:  nicotinic activity/anatoxin-a/guinea pig ileum.  (Poster)
259.     Brown, P.  (1974).  Toxin of Microcystis aeruginosa:  Effects of Varying the Concentration of Selected Salts upon Toxicity and the Effects of the Toxin on Some Physiological Parameters [Diss. Abstr. Int. B36(1), 93].  M.Sc. Thesis.  Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas. 82 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ salinity.

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