526.     Davio, S. R. and Pickering, R. P.  (1984).  Anti-saxitoxin rabbit serum as a therapeutic agent for saxitoxin (STX) poisoning.  Toxicologist.  4(1):13.  Keywords:  saxitoxin poisoning/STX/rabbit serum/therapeutic agent.  (Ann. Meeting S.O.T., Atlanta, Georgia,1983 — Abstract #52)

527.     Davis, J. R.  (ed.)  (1997).  Managing Algal Blooms.  Outcomes fom CSIRO's Multi-Divisional Blue-Green Algal Program.  CSIRO: Canberra, Australia. 113 pp.   Keywords:  management/ algal blooms.

528.     Dawson, R. M.  (1998).   The toxicology of microcystins.   Toxicon 36(7):953-962.  Keywords:  microcystins/ toxicology.

529.     Debernardi, R. and Giussani, G.  (1990).   Are blue-green algae a suitable food for zooplankton?  An overview.   Hydrobiologia 200/201:29-41.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ zooplankton/ food.

530.     Deem, A. W. and Thorp, F.  (1939).   Toxic algae in Colorado.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 95:542-544.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Colorado.

531.     Delamanche, I. S.; Mailly, P.; and Bouchaud, C.  (1986).   The organophosphorous compounds as tools for the pharmacohistochemical study of the cholinesterases of the rat striatum (Les composés organophosphorés comme outils pour l'étude pharmaco-histochimique des cholinestérases du striatum du rat.   Arch. Anat. Micr. Morphol. Expér. 75(3):135-148.  Keywords:  cholinesterases/ organophosphorous compounds/ pharmacohistochemistry/ striatum/ rat.  (French)

532.     Delaney, J. M. and Wilkins, R. M.  (1995).   Toxicity of microcystin-LR, isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, against various insect species.   Toxicon 33(6):771-778.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ insect.

533.     DeMott, W. R.  (1999).   Foraging strategies and growth-inhibition in five daphnids feeding on mixtures of a toxic cyanobacterium and a green alga.   Freshwater Biol. 42(2):263-274.  Keywords:  growth inhibition/ daphnids/ cyanobacteria feeding.

534.     DeMott, W. R. and Dhawale, S.  (1995).   Inhibition of in vitro protein phosphatase activity in three zooplankton species by microcystin-LR, a toxin from cyanobacteria.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 134(4):417-424.  Keywords:  inhibition/ protein phosphatase activity/ zooplankton/ microcystin-LR.

535.     DeMott, W. R. and Moxter, F.  (1991).   Foraging on cyanobacteria by copepods:  responses to chemical defenses and resource abundance.   Ecology 72(5):1820-1834.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ chemical defenses/ copepods/ cyanobacteria/ Daphnia/ Diaptomus/ feeding activity/ natural toxins/ optimal foraging theory/ secondary metabolites/ zooplankton.

536.     DeMott W.R.; Zhang, Q-X.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1991).   Effects of toxic cyanobacteria and purified toxins on the survival and feeding of a copepod and three species of Daphnia.   Limnol. Oceanogr. 36(7):1346-1357.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ survival/ feeding/ copepod/ Daphnia.

537.     Dennison, W. C.; O'Neil, J. M.; Duffy, E. J.; Oliver, P. E.; and Shaw, G. R.  (1999).  Blooms of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula in coastal waters of Queensland, Australia.  In: L. Charpy and A. W. D. Larkum (eds.)  Marine Cyanobacteria.  Monaco Musée Océanographique: Monaco,  pp. 501-506.   Keywords:  blooms/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Queensland/ Australia.

538.     Desjardins, P. R. and Olson, G. B.  (1983).  Viral Control of Nuisance Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae).  II. Cyanophage Strains, Stability Studies of Phages and Hosts, and Effects of Environmental Factors on Phage-Host Interactions.  California Water Resources Center: University of California, Davis, CA.   Vol. 185, 35 pp.   Keywords:  viral control/ cyanobacteria.

539.     Dethier, M. N.  (1994).   The ecology of intertidal algal crusts:  variation within a functional group.   J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 177(1):37-71.  Keywords:  ecology/ marine algal blooms.

540.     Devic, E.; Li, D. H.; Dauta, A.; Henriksen, P.; Codd, G. A.; Marty, J. L.; and Fournier, D.  (2002).   Detection of anatoxin-a(s) in environmental samples of cyanobacteria by using a biosensor with engineered acetylcholinesterases.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(8):4102-4106.  Keywords:  Anabaena flos-aquae/ Drosophila acetylcholinesterase/ Danish lakes/ blue-green algae/ anticholinesterase/ spiroides.

541.     Devlin, J. P.; Edwards, O. E.; Gorham, P. R.; Hunter, N. R.; Pike, R. K.; and Stavric, B.  (1977).   Anatoxin-a, a toxic alkaloid from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44h.   Can. J. Chem. 55(8):1367-1371.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ anatoxin-a.

542.     DeVries, S. E.; Galey, F. D.; Namikoshi, M.; and Woo, J. C.  (1993).   Clinical and pathological findings of blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) intoxication in a dog.   J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5(3):403-408.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ intoxication/ dog.

543.     DeVries, S. E.; Namikoshi, M.; Galey, F. D.; Merritt, J. E.; Rinehart, K. L.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1993).   Chemical study of the hepatotoxins from Microcystis aeruginosa collected in California.   J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5(3):409-412.  Keywords:  chemical study/ hepatotoxins/  Microcystis aeruginosa/ California.

544.     Dias, E.; Pereira, P.; and Franca, S.  (2002).   Production of paralytic shellfish toxins by Aphanizomenon sp. LMECYA 31 (cyanobacteria).   J. Phycol. 38(4):705-712.  Keywords:  Aphanizomenon/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ PSP/ Portugal.

545.     Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; and Weckesser, J.  (1989).   Inhibition of prodigiosin formation in Serratia marcescens by extracts of toxic cyanobacteria.   System. Appl. Microbiol. 12(3):244-248.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ prodigiosin/ microcystin/ saxitoxin/ biotest/ toxic cyanobacteria.

546.     Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; and Weckesser, J.  (1988).   Rapid determination of Microcystis sp. toxins by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.   FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 49(2):143-147.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ HPLC/ rapid assay.

547.     Dierstein, R.; Kaiser, I.; Weckesser, J.; Matern, U.; König, W. A.; and Krebber, R.  (1990).   Two closely related peptide toxins in axenically grown Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806.   System. Appl. Microbiol. 13(1):86-91.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide toxin/ D-amino acids/ erythro-b-methyl-D-aspartic acid/ N-methyl dehydroalanine.

548.     Dietrich, D. R.  (2001).   Detecting cyanotoxins in water.   Biofutur(209):44-47.  Keywords:  Microcystin-LR/ hepatoxin/ toxicology/ toxins/ Brazil/ risk.

549.     Dillenberg, H. O. and Dehnel, M. K.  (1960).   Toxic waterbloom in Saskatchewan, 1959.   Can. Med. Assoc. J. 83:1151.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Saskatchewan.

550.     Dillenberg, H. O. and Dehnel, M. K.  (1961).   "Waterbloom poisoning."  Fast and "slow death" factors isolated from blue-green algae at Canadian NRC Laboratories.   World-Wide Abstr. Gen. Med. 4(4):20.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ fast and slow death factors/ isolated.

551.     Dillon, J. G.; Tatsumi, C. M.; Tandingan, P. G.; and Castenholz, R. W.  (2002).   Effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium (Chroococcidiopsis sp.).   Arch. Microbiol. 177(4):322-331.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ scytonemin/ UV/ osmotic stress/ temperature stress/ oxidative stress/ desert crusts/ Chroococcidiopsis.

552.     Ding, W. X. and Ong, C. N.  (2003).   Role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial changes in cyanobacteria-induced apoptosis and hepatotoxicity.   FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 220(1):1-7.  Keywords:  microcystin/ reactive oxygen species/ apoptosis/ hepatotoxicity.

553.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N.  (2002).   Calpain activation after mitochondrial permeability transition in microcystin-induced cell death in rat hepatocytes.   Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291(2):321-331.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ electron transport chain/ intracellular Ca²⁺/ apoptosis/ oxidative stress.

554.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N.  (2000).   The critical role of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ and reactive oxygen species in microcystin-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in rat hepatocytes.   Hepatology 32(4 Pt. 2):493A.  Keywords:  microcystin/ mitochondrial permeability/ rat hepatocytes.

555.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N.  (2000).   Critical role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition in microcystin-induced rapid apoptosis in rat hepatocytes.   Hepatology 32(3):547-555.  Keywords:  protein phosphatases/ cell death/ cyanobacteria extract/ cytochrome-c/ BCL-2/ pore/ microcystin-LR/ cyclosporine/ necrosis/ chemoprotectants.

556.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N.  (2001).   Critical role of reactive oxygen species formation in microcystin-induced cytoskeleton disruption in primary cultured hepatocytes.   J. Toxicol Environ. Health-Part A 64(6):507-519.  Keywords:  oxidative stress/ rat hepatocytes/ okadaic acid/ LR/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ cells/ hepatotoxicity/ intoxication/ apoptosis.

557.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N.  (2000).   Microcystic cyanobacteria extract induces cytoskeletal disruption and intracellular glutathione alteration in hepatocytes.   Environ. Health Perspect. 108(7):605-609.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ cytoskeleton/ glutathione/ hepatocytes/ microcystin.

558.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; and Ong, C. N.  (2001).   Pivotal role of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ in microcystin-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in rat hepatocytes.   Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285(5):1155-1161.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ mitochondrial membrane potential/ confocal microscopy/ apoptosis/ oxidative stress.

559.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; Shen, Y.; Zhu, H. G.; and Ong, C. N.  (1998).   Microcystic cyanobacteria causes mitochondrial-membrane potential alteration and reactive oxygen species formation in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.   Environ. Health Perspect.  106(7):409-413.  Keywords:  rat hepatocytes/ mitochondrial membrane alteration.

560.     Ding, W. X.; Shen, H. M.; Zhu, H. G.; Lee, B. L.; and Ong, C. N.  (1999).   Genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria extract of a water source in China.   Mutat. Res.–Genetic Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 442(2):69-77.  Keywords:  microcystin/ genotoxicity/ water source/ China.

561.     Ding, W-X.; Shen, H-M.; Zhu, H-G.; and Ong, C-N.  (1998).   Studies on oxidative damage induced by cyanobacteria extract in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.   Environ. Res.  78(1):12-18.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ cytotoxicity/ lipid peroxidation/ reactive oxygen species/ hepatocytes/ rat.

562.     Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; Kaebernick, M.; Scheler, C.; Neilan, B. A.; von Döhren, H.; and Börner, T.  (2001).   Altered expression of two light-dependent genes in a microcystin-lacking mutant of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806.   Microbiology–SGM 147(Pt 11):3113-3119.  Keywords:  RhiA/ transcription/ endotoxin/ Rhizobium leguminosarum / cyclic heptapeptide microcystin/ Pseudomonas aeruginosa/ mass spectrometry/ cyanobacteria/ identification/ biosynthesis/ proteins/ system.

563.     Dittmann, E.; Erhard, M.; Tillett, D.; Neilan, B. A.; von Döhren, H.; and Börner, T.  (2001).  Characterization of microcystin synthetase genes in Microcystis aeruginosa.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 142-147.  357 pp.  Keywords:  characterization/ microsystin synthetase genes/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

564.     Dittmann, E.; Neilan, B. A.; Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; and Börner, T.  (1997).   Insertional mutagenesis of a peptide synthetase gene that is responsible for hepatotoxin production in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC-7806.   Mol. Microbiol. 26(4):779-787.  Keywords:  mutagenesis/ peptide synthetase gene/ hepatotoxin production/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

565.     Djung, J. F.; Hart, D. J.; and Young, E. R. R.  (2000).   Vinyl and alkynyl pyrimidines as Michael acceptors:  an approach to a cylindrospermopsin substructure.   J. Org. Chem. 65(18):5668-5675.  Keywords:  cylindrospermopsin/ marine hepatotoxin/ cultured rat.

566.     Dodds, W.K. (1996).   Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Kansas.   Kansas Water Resources Research Institute: Kansas.  Report # G2020-02. 36 pp.  (Contribution #320).  Keywords:  assessment/ cyanotoxins/ Kansas.

567.     Domingos, P.; Rubim, T. K.; Molica, R. J. R.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1999).   First report of microcystin production by picoplanktonic cyanobacteria isolated from a northeast Brazilian drinking water supply.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):31-35.  Keywords:  Aphanocapsa cumulus/ picoplankton/ cyanobacterial toxin/ blue-green algae/ Caruaru/ Brazil/ drinking water.

568.     Donati, C.; Drikas, M.; Hayes, R.; and Newcombe, G.  (1994).   Microcystin-LR adsorption by powdered activated carbon.   Water Res. 28(8):1735-1742.  Keywords:  microcystin/ powdered activated carbon/ surface characteristics/ pore sizes/ adsorption isotherms/ dissolved organics/ competitive adsorption/ HPLC.

569.     Done, S. H. and Bain, M.  (1993).   Hepatic necrosis in sheep associated with ingestion of blue-green algae.   Vet. Record 133(24):600.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ hepatic necrosis/ sheep.

570.     Doucette, G. J.; Logan, M. M.; Ramsdell, J. S.; and Van Dolah, F. M.  (1997).   Development and preliminary validation of a microtiter plate-based receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins.   Toxicon 35(5):625-637.  Keywords:  PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisoning/ assay/ development.

571.     Douglas, S. E. and Turner, S.  (1991).   Molecular evidence for the orgin of plastids from a cyanobacterium-like ancestor.   J. Mol. Evol. 33(3):267-273.  Keywords:  molecular phylogeny/ plastid/ algae/ plant/ small subunit RNA.

572.     Drager, B.  (2002).   Analysis of tropane and related alkaloids.   J. Chromat. A 978(1-2):1-35.  Keywords:  reviews/ tropane alkaloids/ alkaloids/ hyoscyamine/ scopolamine/ cocaine/ calystegine/ anatoxin/ toxins.

573.     Draisci, R.; Ferretti, E.; Palleschi, L.; and Marchiafava, C.  (2001).   Identification of anatoxins in blue-green algae food supplements using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.   Food Add. Contam. 18(6):525-531.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ anatoxins/ food supplement/ mass spectrometry.

574.     Druart, J. C. and Briand, J. F.  (2002).   First record of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya et Subba Raju (cyanobacteria) in a lotic system in France.   Ann. Limnol. 38(4):339-342.  Keywords:  potentially toxic cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ River Seine/ lotic system/ France.

575.     Dryden, R. C. and Wright, S. J. L.  (1987).   Predation of cyanobacteria by protozoa.   Can. J. Microbiol. 33:471-482.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ protozoa.

576.     Dunlap, W. C.; Chalker, B. E.; and Bandaranayake, W. M.  (1988).  New sunscreening agents derived from tropical marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.  The 20t^h Annual Meeting of the Australian Society for Experimental Pathology and the 3^rd Meeting of the Photobiology and Skin Cancer Group.  29 Aug 1988; Melborne, Australia.  Keywords:  sunscreening agents/ Australia.

577.     Durany, N.; Riederer, P.; and Deckert, J.  (1999).   The CNS toxin anatoxin-a interacts with a4b2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human cortex.   Alzheimer's Rep. 2(5):263-266.  Keywords:  central nervous system/ anatoxin-a/ acetylcholine receptors.

578.     Durrell, L. W. and Deem, A. W.  (1940).   Toxic algae in Colorado.   J. Colo. Wyo. Acad. Sci.  2(6):18.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Colorado.

579.     Duy, T. N.; Lam, P. K. S.; Shaw, G. R.; and Connell, D. W.  (2000).   Toxicology and risk assessment of freshwater cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in water.   Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 163:113-185.  Keywords:  cyclic peptide toxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Oscillatoria agardhii strains/ protein phosphatase bioassay/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ netpen liver disease/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ anatoxin-a/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ dihydromicrocystin-LR.

580.     Dvoráková, D.; Dvoráková, K.; Bláha, L.; Marsálek, B.; and Knotková, Z.  (2002).   Effects of cyanobacterial biomass and purified microcystins on malformations in Xenopus laevis:  teratogenesis assay (FETAX).   Environ. Toxicol. 17(6):547-555.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ microcystin/ Xenopus laevis/ malformation/ teratogenesis.

581.     Dyble, J.; Paerl, H. W.; and Neilan, B. A.  (2002).   Genetic characterization of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria) isolates from diverse geographic origins based on nifH and cpcBA-IGS nucleotide sequence analysis.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(5):2567-2571.  Keywords:  Anabaena circinalis/ genus Microcystis/ intergenic spacer/ ribosomal-RNA/ strains/ identification/ phylogeny/ PCR/ Cyanophyceae/ Queensland/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.

582.     Eaglesham, G. K.; Norris, R. L.; Shaw, G. R.; Smith, M. J.; Chiswell, R. K.; Davis, B. C.; Neville, G. R.; Seawright, A. A.; and Moore, M. R.  (1999).   Use of HPLC-MS/MS to monitor cylindrospermopsin, a blue-green algal toxin, for public health purposes.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):151-154.  Keywords:  HPLC-MS-MS/ monitor cylindrospermopsin/ public health.

583.     Ebrahimzadeh, A. and Rogers, L.  (1995).   Diarrhea caused by a cyanobacterium-like organism.   Eur. J. Epidemiol. 11(6):661-664.  Keywords:  cyanobacterium-like organism/ diarrhea/ risk factors/ travel.

584.     Eckhart, K.  (1994).   Review—mass spectrometry of cyclic peptides.   Mass Spec. Rev. 13(1):23-55.  Keywords:  cyclic peptides/ mass spectrometry.

585.     Eckholm, E.  Science tries to harness bacterial overachievers:  blue-green 'algae' sought for service in farm and pharmacy.  (1987,  Feb. 29).  New York Times. Section C: pp. 1,5.   Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ farm/ pharmacy.

586.     Edler, L.; Fernö, S.; Lind, M. G.; Lundberg, R.; and Nilsson, P. O.  (1985).   Mortality of dogs associated with a bloom of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea.   Ophelia 24(2):103-109.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ Baltic Sea.

587.     Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Scrimgeour, C. M.; and Codd, G. A.  (1992).   Identification of anatoxin-a in benthic cyanobacteria (blue-green alge) and in associated dog poisonings at Loch Insh, Scotland.   Toxicon 30(10):1165-1175.  Keywords:  identification/ anatoxin-a/ dog poisonings/ Loch Insh/ Scotland.

588.     Edwards, C.; Lawton, L. A.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; Pleasance, S.; and Dear, G. J.  (1993).   Analysis of microcystins from cyanobacteria by liquid-chromatography with mass-spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionization.   Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 7(8):714-721.  Keywords:  LC-MS/ analysis/ microcystins.

589.     Edwards, C.; Lawton, L. A.; Coyle, S. M.; and Ross, P.  (1996).   Laboratory-scale purification of microcystins using flash chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.   J. Chromat. A 734:163-173.  Keywords:  flash chromatography/ preparative chromatography/ peptides/ microcystins.

590.     Edwards, H. G. M.; Garcia-Pichel, F.; Newton, E. M.; and Wynn-Williams, D. D.  (2000).   Vibrational Raman spectroscopic study of scytonemin, the UV-protective cyanobacterial pigment.   Spec. Acta A–Mol. Biomol. Spec. 56(1):193-200.  Keywords:  Raman spectroscopy/ scytonemin/ cyanobacterial pigment/ UV-protection/ Antarctic.

591.     Effmert, U.; Mundt, S.; Krause, E.; and Teuscher, E.  (1991).   Immunosuppressive activity of the ingredients of Oscillatoria redekei van Goor (Cyanophyceae).  [Zur immunseppressiven Wirkung von Inhaltsstoffen aus Oscillatoria redekei van Goor (Cyanophyceae)].   Pharmazie 46(1):59.  Keywords:  immunosuppressive activity/ Oscillatoria redekei.  (German)

592.     Ehresmann, D. W.; Deig, E. F.; Hatch, M. T.; DiSalvo, L. H.; and Vedros, N. A.  (1977).   Antiviral substances from California marine algae.   J. Phycol. 13:37-40.  Keywords:  antiviral substances/ marine algae/ California.

593.     Einarsson, S.; Josefsson, B.; Möller, P.; and Sanchez, D.  (1987).   Separation of amino acid enantiomers and chiral amines using precolumn derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate and reversed-phase liquid chromatography.   Analyt. Chem. 59:1191-1195.  Keywords:  amino acid enantiomers/ chiral amines/ separation/ reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

594.     Ekman-Ekebom, M.; Kauppi, M.; Sivonen, K.; Niemi, M.; and Lepistö, L.  (1992).   Toxic cyanobacteria in some Finnish lakes.   Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 7:201-213.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ Finland/ lakes.

595.     El-Ayouty, Y. M. and Abdel-Rahman, S.  (1996).   Structural variations in peptide toxins of Microcystis aeruginosa grown on different carbon sources.   J. Natural Toxins 5(1):39-47.  Keywords:  structural variations/ toxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ carbon sources.

596.     El-Fouly, M. M.  (1980).  Prospects of algae research in Egypt.  The Second Egyptian Algae Symposium.  National Research Center: Cairo.  232 pp.  March 11-13, 1979; Cairo.  Keywords:  algae research/ Egypt.

597.     El Saadi, O. and Cameron, A. S.  (1993).   Illness associated with blue-green algae.   Med. J. Aust. 158(11):792-293.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ illness.  (Letter to Editor)

598.     El Saadi, O.; Esterman, A. J.; Cameron, S.; and Roder, D. M.  (1995).   Murray River water, raised cyanobacterial cell counts, and gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms.   Med. J. Aust. 162:122-125.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms/ Murray River/ Australia.

599.     Eldefrawi, M. E.; Eldefrawi, A. T.; Mansour, N. A.; Daly, J. W.; Witkop, B.; and Albuquerque, E. X.  (1978).   Acetylcholine receptor and ionic channel of Torpedo electroplax:  binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to membrane and solubilized preparations.   Biochem. 17:5474-5484.  Keywords:  acetylcholine receptor/ ionic channel/ Torpedo/ rayw.

600.     Elder, G. H.; Hunter, P. R.; and Codd, G. A.  (1993).   Hazardous freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).   Lancet 341(8859):1519-1520.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ freshwater/ hazardous.

601.     Elleman, T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (1978).   Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from a Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea) bloom.   Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 31:209-218.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anacystis cyanea/ isolation/ characterization.

602.     Elleman, T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Cumming, R. B.; and Brunner, J. F.  (1986).   Experimental acute intoxication of young layer and broiler-chickens with the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa.   Avian Pathol. 15(4):741-748.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chickens.

603.     Ells, B.; Froese, K.; Hrudey, S. E.; Purves, R. W.; Guevremont, R.; and Barnett, D. A.  (2000).   Detection of microcystins using electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry.   Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 14(16):1538-1542.  Keywords:  blue-green-alga/ performance liquid chromatography/ protein phosphatases/ tumor promotion/ cyanobacteria/ toxins/ separation/ inhibition/ identification.

604.     Eloff, J. N.  (1987).  Isolation, Chemical Characterization and Taxonomic Implications of the Toxins in Microcystis aeruginosa Isolates.  Ph.D. Thesis.  Univ. of the Orange Free State, Republic of South Africa, 8 Chapters.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

605.     Eloff, J. N.  (1982).   A specific ultraviolet absorbance band of Microcystis aeruginosa toxins.   J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr. 8(1):5-7.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ ultraviolet absorbance band.

606.     Eloff, J. N.; Krüger, G. H. J.; and Van der Westhuizen, A. J.  (1980).   A comparison of multiple container and tubular system for the large scale culture of unicellular algae.   J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr. 6(2):93-95.  Keywords:  culture/ unicellular algae.

607.     Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H.  (1982).   Amino acid sequence of two toxic peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa UV-006.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):377.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ amino acid sequence.  (Abstract)

608.     Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H.  (1982).   Comparative study on the toxins from several Microcystis aeruginosa isolates.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):377.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ comparative study.  (Abstract)

609.     Eloff, J. N.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Kycia, H.  (1982).   Extraction, isolation and stability of toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 78(9):377-378.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ extraction/ isolation.  (Abstract)

610.     Elster, H. J.  (1955).   Toxic effects of phytoplankton (Toxische wirkungen des phytoplanktons).   Naturwiss Rundsch. 8:318.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (German)

611.     Endean, R.; Monks, S. A.; Griffith, J. K.; and Llewellyn, L. E.  (1993).   Apparent relationships between toxins elaborated by the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum and those present in the flesh of the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commersoni.   Toxicon 31(9):1155-1165.  Keywords:  relationship/ toxins/ Trichodesmium erythraeum/ mackerel/ Scomberomorus commersoni.

612.     Engström, J.; Koski, M.; Viitasalo, M.; Reinikainen, M.; Repka, S.; and Sivonen, K.  (2000).   Feeding interactions of the copepods Eurytemora affinis and Acartia bifilosa with the cyanobacteria Nodularia sp.   J. Plankton Res. 22(7):1403-1409.  Keywords:  food quality/ Baltic sea/ behavior/ zooplankton/ tonsa/ Oscillatoria/ rotifers/ Daphnia/ blooms/ size.

613.     Engström, J.; Viherluoto, M.; and Viitasalo, M.  (2001).   Effects of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria on grazing, zooplanktivory and survival of the mysid shrimp Mysis mixta.   J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 257(2):269-280.  Keywords:  Aphanizomenon/ grazing/ Mysis mixta/ Nodularia/ predation/ survival.

614.     Engström-Ost, J.; Koski, M.; Schmidt, K.; Viitasalo, M.; Jónasdóttir, S. H.; Kokkonen, M.; Repka, S.; and Sivonen, K.  (2002).   Effects of toxic cyanobacteria on plankton assemblage: community development during decay of Nodularia spumigena.   Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser. 232:1-14.  Keywords:  Nodularia spumigena/ decay/ bacteria/ fatty acids/ nodularin/ ciliates.

615.     Engström-Ost, J.; Lehtiniemi, M.; Green, S.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; and Viitasalo, M.  (2002).   Does cyanobacterial toxin accumulate in mysid shrimps and fish via copepods?   J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 276(1-2):95-107.  Keywords:  accumulation/ cyanobacteria/ mysid shrimp/ nodularin/ three-spined stickleback/ hepatotoxin/ microcystin-LR/ northern Baltic Sea/ functional-responses/ zooplankton/ nodularin/ extracts/ Finland/ strains/ growth.

616.     Entzeroth, M.; Mead, D. J.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Moore, R. E.  (1985).   A herbicidal fatty acid produced by Lyngbya aestuarii.   Phytochem. 24(12):2875-2876.  Keywords:  Lyngbya aestuarii/ Oscillatoriaceae/ marine alga/ herbicide/ fatty acid/ 2,5-dimethyldecanoic acid.

617.     Entzeroth, M.; Moore, R. E.; Niemczura, W. P.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1986).   O-actyl-O-butyrl-O-carbamoyl-O, O-dimethyl-a-cyclodextrins from the cyanophyte Tolypothrix byssoidea.   J. Org. Chem. 51(26):5307-5310.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Tolypothrix byssoidea/ structure.

618.     Erdem, A.; Kerman, K.; Meric, B.; Ozkan, D.; Kara, P.; and Ozsoz, M.  (2002).   DNA biosensor for Microcystis spp. sequence detection by using methylene blue and ruthenium complex as electrochemical hybridization labels.   Turkish J. Chem. 26(6):851-862.  Keywords:  DNA biosensor/ Microcystis/ methylene blue/ ruthenium bipyridine.

619.     Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H., and Jungblut, P.  (2001). Rapid typing and structure determination of cyanobacterial peptides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.   In: I. Chorus, (ed.)  Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York, pp. 344-353.  Keywords:  structure determination/ cyanobacterial peptides/ MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

620.     Erhard, M.; von Döhren, H.; and Jungblut, P. R.  (1999).   Rapid identification of the new anabaenopeptin G from Planktothrix agardhii HUB 011 using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.   Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 13:337-343.  Keywords:  identification/ anabaenopeptin/ Planktothrix agardhii/ mass spectrometry/ MALDI.

621.     Eriksson, J. E.  (1989).  Cyclic peptide toxins from blue-green algae.  Nordic Symposium on Organic Environmental Chemicals.  Sept. 9-11, 1989; Joensuu.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ cyclic peptide toxins.  (Foreword)

622.     Eriksson, J. E.  (1988).  Fisk- och fageldod i samband med toxiska algblomningar - I kurskompendiet "Informationskurs om planktonalger - sarskilt toxinproducerande blagrona alger".  Statens veterinarmedicinska anstalt.  March 21-22, 1988; Uppsala, Sweden.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.  (Swedish)

623.     Eriksson, J. E.  (1988).  Strukturella och toxikologiska egenskaper hos algtoxiner - I kurskompendiet "Informationskurs om planktonalger - sarskilt toxinproducerande blagrona alger".  Statens veterinarmedicinska anstalt.  March 21-22, 1988; Uppsala, Sweden.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.  (Swedish)

624.     Eriksson, J. E.  (1989).  Toxic algae and algal toxins.  10^th Annual Symposium Finnish Society Toxicology.  May 19-20, 1989; Åbo, Finland.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.  (Meeting Abstract)

625.     Eriksson, J. E.  (1990).  Toxic Peptides from Cyanobacteria—Characterization and Cellular Mode of Action.  Ph.D Thesis.  Dept. of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.   Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxic peptides/ characterization/ mode of action.

626.     Eriksson, J. E.; Bylund, G.; and Lindholm, T.  (1986).  The toxin of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and its effects on common carp (Cyprinus carpio  L.).  Toxicology Symposium Finnish Society Toxicology.  April 4-5, 1986; Joensuu.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ carp/ Cyprinus carpio.  (Poster)

627.     Eriksson, J. E.; Grönberg, L.; Nygård, S.; Slotte, J. P.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O.  (1990).   Hepatocellular uptake of ³H-dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin.   Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1025(1):60-66.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial toxins/ peptide toxin/ transport/ microcystin/ bile acid/ mouse cell/ human cell.

628.     Eriksson, J. E.; Hägerstrand, H.; and Isomaa, B.  (1987).   Cell selective cytotoxicity of a peptide toxin from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Biochim. Biophys. Acta 930(3):304-310.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ peptide/ cytotoxic/ Microcystis aeruginosa.  (Technical Note)

629.     Eriksson, J. E. and Isomaa, B.  (1986).  In vitro effects of toxic peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii on various cell types.  Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes.  Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ peptide.  (Meeting Abstract)

630.     Eriksson, J. E. and Lindholm, T.  (1986).  Can cyanobacterial toxins bioaccumulate?  Fourth International Symposium Microbial Ecology.  August 24-29, 1986; Ljubljana, Yugoslavia.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ accumulation.

631.     Eriksson, J. E. and Lindholm, T.  (1988).  Sinilevakukintojen aiheuttamat lintu-ja kalakuolemat.  Vesistojen levahaitat.  Maakunnallinen vesipaiva.  Lahtis Motespublikation.  May 18;   Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Finnish)

632.     Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O.  (1988).  Mechanisms of microcystin-induced toxicity.  Toxinproducing Algae.  Oct. 10-21, 1988; Oslo, Norway.  Keywords:  toxicity/ microcystin/ mechanisms.  (Meeting Abstract)

633.     Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O.  (1988).   Similar peptide hepatotoxins from four different cyanobacterial genera.   Toxicon 27(1):43.  Keywords:  cytotoxicity/ peptide toxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Oscillatori agardhii/ Nodularia spumigena/ rat.  (IX^th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, July 31-Aug. 5, 1988, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA — Meeting Abstract)

634.     Eriksson, J. E. and Meriluoto, J. A. O.  (1987).   Sinilevat Rehevoityneiden vesien kesavitsaus.   Suomen Luonto 5:16-18.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Finnish)

635.     Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Fagerlund, K.; and Hällbom, L.  (1987).  Common properties of cyanobacterial peptide toxins.  Symposium Biochemistry Algae and Cyanobacteria.  April 7-9, 1987; Aberyswyth, Wales.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ peptide toxins/ common properties.  (Poster)

636.     Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; Al-Layl, K. J.; and Codd, G. A.  (1988).   Cellular effects of cyanobacterial peptide toxins.   Tox. Assess. 3(5):511-517.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ peptide toxins/ cellular effects.  (First Biennial Water Quality Symposium, Aug. 29-Sept. 5, 1988; Banff, Canada  — Meeting Abstract)

637.     Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; Österlund, K.; Fagerlund, K.; and Hällbom, L.  (1988).   Preliminary characterization of a toxin isolated from the cyanobacterium  Nodularia spumigena.   Toxicon 26(2):161-166.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ toxin characterization.

638.     Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Kujari, H. P.; and Skulberg, O. M.  (1988).   A comparison of toxins isolated from the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria agardhii and Microcystis aeruginosa.   Comp. Biochem. Physiol.–C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 89C(2):207-210.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ comparison.

639.     Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T.  (1989).   Accumulation of a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii in the freshwater mussel Anadonta cygnea.   Hydrobiologia 183(3):211-216.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ freshwater mussels/ toxin accumulation/ tissue distribution/ HPLC/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

640.     Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T.  (1986).  Accumulation of a peptide toxin of Oscillatoria agardhii.  Nordic Workshop Toxic Cyanophytes.  Sept. 24-25, 1986; Huso Biological Station, Finland.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ peptide.  (Meeting Abstract)

641.     Eriksson, J. E.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; and Lindholm, T.  (1986).  Can cyanobacterial peptide toxins accumulate in aquatic food chains?  In: F. Megusar and M. Gantar, (eds.)  Perspectives in Microbial Ecology.  Slovene Soc. Microbiol.: pp. 655-658.  Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Aug. 24-29, 1986; Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, 655-658.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ peptide/ accumulation.

642.     Eriksson, J.E.; Meriluoto, J.A.O.; and Lindholm, T. (1987).   Cyanobacterial toxins—physiological and ecological effects.  In:  Rapport till Finlans Akademi.   12 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ ecological effects/ physiological effects.

643.     Eriksson, J. E. and Paatero, G.  (1988).  Cytoskeletal and ultrastructural alterations in isolated rat hepatocytes induced by a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.  IV. International Congress Cell Biology.  Aug. 14-19, 1988; Montreal, Canada.  Keywords:  hepatocytes/ rat/ alterations/ Microcystis aeruginosa.  (Poster)

644.     Eriksson, J. E. and Paatero, G.  (1987).  Sinilevien peptiditoksiinien vaikutukset maksasoluissa.  FINEM-skolningsdagar.  Oct. 5-7, 1987; MS Mariella.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Poster — Finnish)

645.     Eriksson, J. E.; Paatero, G. I. L.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Codd, G. A.; Kass, G. E. N.; Nicotera, P.; and Orrenius, S.  (1989).   Rapid microfilament reorganization induced in isolated rat hepatocytes by microcystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin.   Exp. Cell Res. 185(1):86-100.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ rat hepatocytes/ microfilament reorganization.

646.     Eriksson, J. E.; Toivola, D.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Karaki, H.; Han, Y-G.; and Hartshorne, D.  (1990).   Hepatocyte deformation induced by cyanobacterial toxins reflects inhibition of protein phosphatases.   Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173(3):1347-1353.  Keywords:  protein phosphatase inhibition/ cyanotoxins/ hepatocyte deformation.

647.     Eriksson, J. E.; Toivola, D. M.; Reinikainen, M.; Råbergh, C. M. I.; and Meriluoto, J. A. O.  (1994).  Testing of toxicity in cyanobacteria by cellular assays.  In: G. A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E. Potter, (eds.)  Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins.  Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge.  pp. 75-84.  The Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial (Blue-green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993; University of Bath, UK.  Keywords:  testing/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria.

648.     Ernst, B.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; and Dietrich, D.  (2001).   Presence of Planktothrix sp. and cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Ammersee, Germany and their impact on whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.).   Environ. Toxicol. 16(6):483-488.  Keywords:  Planktothrix/ presence/ Lake Ammersee/ Germany/ impact/ whitefish/ Coregonus lavaretus.

649.     Ernst-Russell, M. A. and Molinski, T. F.  (2001).   New bioactive peptides from Bahamian marine cyanobacteria.   Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 221(Pt. 2):U151.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria.

650.     Evans, M. H.  (1965).   Cause of death in experimental paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).   Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 46(3):245-253.  Keywords:  paralytic shellfish poisoning/ PSP/ cause of death.

651.     Evans, M. H.  (1964).   Paralytic effects of "paralytic shellfish poison" on frog nerve and muscle.   Br. J. Pharmacol. 22:478-485.  Keywords:  paralytic shellfish poison/ PSP/ Saxidomus giganteus/ frog.

652.     Everist, S. L.  (1974).  Poisonous Plants of Australia.  Angus and Robertson: Sydney. pp. 566-569, 684 pp.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Australia.

653.     Eynard, F.; Mez, K.; and Walther, J. L.  (2000).   Risk of cyanobacterial toxins in Riga waters.   Water Res. 34(11):2979-2988.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxic blooms/ microcystin-LR/ protein phosphatase inhibition assay/ drinking water/ groundwater/ Lake Mazais Baltezers/ Riga, Latvia.

654.     Fabbro, L. D. and Duivenvoorden, L. J.  (1996).   Profile of a bloom of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju in the Fitzroy River in tropical central Queensland.   Mar. Freshwater Res. 47:685-694.  Keywords:  profile/ Cylindrospermopis raciborskii/ Fitzroy River/ Queensland/ Australia.

655.     Fairey, E. R. and Ramsdell, J. S.  (1999).   Reporter gene assays for algal-derived toxins.   Natural Toxins 7(6):415-421.  Keywords:  brevetoxin/ ciguatoxin/ saxitoxin/ maitotoxin/ Pfiesteria piscicida.

656.     Falch, B. S.; König, G. M.; Wright, A. D.; Sticher, O.; Angerhofer, C. K.; Pezzuto, J. M.; and Bachmann, H.  (1995).   Biological activities of cyanobacteria:  evaluation of extracts and pure compounds.   Planta Medica 61(4):321-328.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ biological activities/ brine shrimp lethality/ cytotoxic/ antimicrobial/ Fischerella ambigua/ ambigol A/ ambigol B/ tjipanazole D.

657.     Falconer, I. R.  (1993).   Algal toxins and bellyaches beyond the Barcoo.   Med. J. Aust. 158:433-434.  Keywords:  Palm Island/ cyanotoxins.  (Letter to Editor)

658.     Falconer, I. R.  (1998).  Algal toxins and human health.  In: J. Hrubec (ed.)  The Handbook of Environment Chemistry—Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water II.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, Vol. 5, Part C, pp. 53-82.   Keywords:  algal toxins/ human health.

659.     Falconer, I. R.  (1993).  Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water.  Academic Press: London. 224 pp.   Keywords:  algal toxins/ seafood/ drinking water.

660.     Falconer, I. R.  (1989).   Effects on human health of some toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in reservoirs, lakes and rivers.   Tox. Assess. 4(2):175-184.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ reservoirs/ lakes/ rivers/ human health.

661.     Falconer, I. R.  (1999).   An overview of problems caused by toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in drinking and recreational water.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):5-12.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxic/ drinking water/ recreational water.

662.     Falconer, I. R.  (1993).   Paralytic shellfish poisons from freshwater blue-green algae—comment.   Med. J. Aust. 159(6):423.  Keywords:  paralytic shellfish poisons/ PSP/ cyanobacteria/ freshwater.  (Letter to the Editor)

663.     Falconer, I. R.  (1992).  Poisoning by blue-green algae.  In: I. R. Falconer, D. Watters, M. Lavin, D. Maguire, and J. Pearn (eds.)  Toxins and Targets.  Effects of Natural and Synthetic Poisons on Living Cells and Fragile Ecosystems.   pp. 49-54, Ch. 6.   Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ poisoning.

664.     Falconer, I. R.  (1996).   Potential impact on human health of cyanobacteria.   Phycologia 35(6 Suppl.):74-79.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ impact/ human health.

665.     Falconer, I. R.  (2001).   Toxic cyanobacterial bloom problems in Australian waters:  risks and impacts on human health.    Phycologia 40(3):228-233.  Keywords:  Australia/ toxic blooms/ cyanobacteria/ health/ blue-green alga/  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Woloszynska/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ drinking water/ protein phosphatase 1/ Nodularia spumigena/ tumor promotion/ liver/ exposure/ LR.

666.     Falconer, I. R.  (1991).   Tumor promotion and liver injury caused by oral consumption of cyanobacteria.   Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 6(2):177-184.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ tumor promotion/ liver damage.

667.     Falconer, I. R.; Beresford, A. M.; and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (1983).   Evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa.   Med. J. Aust. 1:511-514.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

668.     Falconer, I. R.; Buckley, T.; and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (1986).   Biological half-life, organ distribution and excretion of ¹²⁵I-labeled toxic peptide from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.   Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 39(1):17-21.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide.

669.     Falconer, I. R. and Buckley, T. H.  (1989).   Tumour promotion by Microcystis sp., a blue-green alga occurring in water supplies.   Med. J. Aust.  150(6):351.  Keywords:  tumor promotion/ Microcystis/ water supplies.

670.     Falconer, I. R.; Burch, M. D.; Steffensen, D. A.; Choice, M.; and Coverdale, O. R.  (1994).   Toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa in drinking water to growing pigs, as an animal model for human injury and risk assessment.   Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 9(2):131-139.  Keywords:  cyanotoxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ drinking water/ pigs/ model/ human injury and risk assessment.

671.     Falconer, I. R.; Choice, A.; and Hosja, W.  (1992).   Toxicity of edible mussels (Mytilus edulis) growing naturally in an estuary during a water bloom of the blue-green algae Nodularia spumigena.   Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 7(2):119-123.  Keywords:  toxicity/ mussels/ Mytilus edulis/ Nodularia spumigena waterbloom.

672.     Falconer, I. R.; Dornbusch, M.; Moran, G.; and Yeung, S. K.  (1992).   Effect of the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa on isolated enterocytes from the chicken small intestine.   Toxicon 30(7):790-793.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chicken intestine/ enterocytes.

673.     Falconer, I. R.; Hardy, S. J.; Humpage, A. R.; Froscio, S. M.; Tozer, G. J.; and Hawkins, P. R.  (1999).   Hepatic and renal toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in male swiss albino mice.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):143-150.  Keywords:  toxicity/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ male mice.

674.     Falconer, I. R. and Humpage, A. R.  (2001).   Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin.   Environ. Toxicol. 16(2):192-195.  Keywords:  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cylindrospermopsin/ drinking water/ carcinogenesis.

675.     Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Langley, J.; and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (1981).   Liver pathology in mice in poisoning by the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.   Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 34(2):179-188.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin/ mice.

676.     Falconer, I. R. and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (1987).   Effects of the peptide toxin from Microcystis aeruginosa on intracellular calcium, pH and membrane integrity in mammalian cells.   Chem-Biol. Inter. 63:215-225.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ calcium/ pH/ membrane integrity.

677.     Falconer, I. R. and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (1987).   Toxic peptide from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa —effects on hepatocytes and thymocytes.   Biochem. Soc. Trans. 15(3):468-469.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ peptide/ hepatotoxin/ hepatocytes/ thymocytes.  (Meeting Abstract)

678.     Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Buckley, T.; Huyn, V. L.; and Bradshaw, P.  (1989).   Using activated carbon to remove toxicity from drinking water containing cyanobacterial blooms.   J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 81(2):102-105.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ drinking water/ activated carbon/ toxicity removal.

679.     Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; and Huyn, V. L.  (1983).  Effectiveness of activated carbon in the removal of algal toxin from potable water supplies: a pilot plant investigation.  In: Tenth Federal Convention of the Australian Water and Wastewater Association.  Australian Water and Wastewater Association: Australia.  pp. 26.1 to 26.8.  April, 1983; Sydney.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ activated carbon/ toxin removal/ drinking water.  (Technical Paper)

680.     Falconer, I. R.; Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and McInnes, A.  (1983).   The occurrence and consequences of blooms of the toxic blue-green alga M. aeruginosa in eastern Australia.   Toxicon(3 Suppl.):119-121.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ occurrence/ consequences/ Australia.

681.     Falconer, I. R.; Smith, J. V.; Jackson, A. R. B.; Jones, A.; and Runnegar, M. T. C.  (1988).   Oral toxicity of a bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa administered to mice over periods up to one year.   J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 24(3):291-305.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ mice/ oral toxicity.

682.     Falconer, I. R. and Yeung, S. K.  (1992).   Cytoskeletal changes in hepatocytes induced by Microcystis toxins and their relation to hyperphosphorylation of cell proteins.   Chem-Biol. Inter. 81(1-2):181-196.  Keywords:  hepatocytes/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanotoxins.

683.     Fallon, R. D. and Brock, T. D.  (1979).   Lytic organisms and photooxodative effects:  influence on blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38(3):499-505.  Keywords:  lytic organisms/ cyanobacteria/ Lake Mendota/ Wisconsin.

684.     Fastner, J.; Chorus, I.; Willmitzer, H.; and Rabe, C.  (2001).  Reducing intake of microcystins at the Deesbach Reservoir drinking water abstraction system.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 229-238.  357 pp.  Keywords:  reducing intake/ microcystins/ Deesbach Reservoir/ drinking water.

685.     Fastner, J.; Codd, G. A.; Metcalf, J. S.; Woitke, P.; Wiedner, C.; and Utkilen, H.  (2002).   An international intercomparison exercise for the determination of purified microcystin-LR and microcystins in cyanobacterial field material.   Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chem. 374(3):437-444.  Keywords:  microcystin/ intercomparison/ HPLC/ cyanobacteria/ analysis.

686.     Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sun, F.; Rinehart, K. L.; Rönicke, H.; and Chorus, I.  (1999).   Characterization and diversity of microcystins in natural blooms and strains of the genera Microcystis and Planktothrix from German freshwaters.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 145(2):147-163.  Keywords:  microcystins/ characterization/ diversity/ Microcystis/ Planktothrix/ German/ freshwaters.

687.     Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and Neumann, U.  (2001).  Microcystin variants in Microcystis and Planktothrix dominated field samples.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag:  New York,  pp. 148-152.  357 pp.  Keywords:  Microcystin variants/ Microcystis/ Planktothrix.

688.     Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and von Döhren, H.  (2001).   Determination of oligopeptide diversity within a natural population of Microcystis spp. (cyanobacteria) by typing single colonies by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5069-5076.  Keywords:  determination/ oligopeptide diversity/ Microcystis/ MALDI.

689.     Fastner, J.; Flieger, I.; and Neumann, U.  (1998).   Optimised extraction of microcystins from field samples—a comparison of different solvents and procedures.   Water Res. 32(10):3177-3181.  Keywords:  microcystin extraction/ field samples/ procedure comparison.

690.     Fastner, J.; Heinze, R.; and Chorus, I.  (1995).   Microcystin content, hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cyanobacteria in some German water bodies.   Water Sci. Technol. 32(4):165-170.  Keywords:  microcystin/ hepatotoxicity/ cytotoxicity/ Germany.

691.     Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; Wirsing, B.; Weckesser, J.; Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; and Chorus, I.  (1999).   Microcystins (hepatotoxic heptapeptides) in German fresh-water bodies  [Correction for 1999, 14(1):13].   Environ. Toxicol. 14(2):291.  Keywords:  microcystins/ Germany/ freshwater.

692.     Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; Wirsing, B.; Weckesser, J.; Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; and Chorus, I.  (1999).   Microcystins (hepatotoxic heptapeptides) in German fresh-water bodies.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):13-22.  Keywords:  microcystins/ Germany/ freshwater.

693.     Fastner, J.; Wirsing, B.; Wiedner, C.; Heinze, R.; Neumann, U.; and Chorus, I.  (2001).  Microcystins and hepatocyte toxicity.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 22-37.  357 pp.  Keywords:  microcystins/ hepatocyte toxicity.

694.     Faulkner, D. J.  (1988).   Marine natural products.   Natural Product Rep. 5(6):613-663.  Keywords:  marine/ natural products.

695.     Faulkner, D. J.  (1991).   Marine natural products (review).   Natural Product Rep. 8(2):97-147.  Keywords:  marine/ natural products.

696.     Fautin, D. G.  (Ed.)  (1988).  Biomedical Importance of Marine Organisms, Memoirs of California Academy Sciences.  California Academy of Sciences: San Francisco.   Vol. 13, 159 pp.   Keywords:  marine organisms/ biomedical.

697.     Fawell, J. K.; Mitchell, R. E.; Everett, D. J.; and Hill, R. E.  (1999).   The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse:  I. Microcystin-LR.   Human Exp. Toxicol. 18(3):162-167.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ hepatotoxicity/ mouse/ in vivo/ risk assessment.

698.     Fawell, J. K.; Mitchell, R. E.; Hill, R. E.; and Everett, D. J.  (1999).   The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse:  II. Anatoxin-a.   Human Exp. Toxicol. 18(3):168-173.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ anatoxin-a/ neurotoxicity/ mouse/ in vivo/ in vitro/ risk assessment.

699.     Federal Water Pollution Control Adm.  (1967 Oct).  Culture medium for thermophilic blue-greens.  In: Environmental Requirements of Blue-Green Algae, Symposium.  pp. 71.  Corvallis, Oregon.  Keywords:  culture medium/ cyanobacteria.

700.     Fedorak, P. M. and Huck, P. M.  (1988).   Microbial metabolism of cyanobacterial products:  batch culture studies with applications to drinking water treatment.   Water Res.  22(10):1267-1277.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ algae/ organic carbon removal/ mineralization/ eutrophic/ drinking water/ microbiological pretreatment.

701.     Feitz, A. J.; Lukondeh, T.; Moffitt, M. C.; Burns, B. P.; Naidoo, D.; Della Vedova, J.; Gooden, J. M.; and Neilan, B. A.  (2002).   Absence of detectable levels of the cyanobacterial toxin (microcystin-LR) carry-over into milk.   Toxicon 40(8):1173-1180.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystin-LR/ milk/ cattle/ carry-over.

702.     Feitz, A. J. and Waite, T. D.  (2003).   Kinetic Modeling of TiO₂-catalyzed photodegradation of trace levels of microcystin-LR.   Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(3):561-568.  Keywords:  aqueous-solution/ rate constants/ photocatalytic oxidation/ titanium-dioxide/ peroxyl radicals/ hole oxidation/ TiO₂ film/ oxygen/ water/ degradation.

703.     Feitz, A. J.; Waite, T. D.; Boyden, B. H.; and Jones, G. J.  (2002).   Solar pilot-scale photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR.   J. Adv. Oxidation Technol. 5(1):22-26.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxin/ TiO₂/ photocatalysis/ solar/ pilot-scale.

704.     Feitz, A. J.; Waite, T. D.; Jones, G. J.; and Boyden, B. H.  (1999).   Photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR:  conceptual model and pilot scale studies.   Z. Phys. Chemie 213(P1):75-86.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ photocatalysis/ model/ pilot-scale.

705.     Feitz, A. J.; Waite, T. D.; Jones, G. J.; Boyden, B. H.; and Orr, P. T.  (1999).   Photocatalytic degradation of the blue-green algal toxin microcystin-LR in a natural organic-aqueous matrix.   Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(2):243-249.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ photocatalytic degradation.

706.     Fenical, W.  (1982).   Natural products chemistry in the marine environment.   Science 215:923-928.  Keywords:  marine/ natural products/ chemistry.

707.     Ferguson, A. J.  (1997).   The role of modeling in the control of toxic blue-green algae.   Hydrobiologia 349(Aug):1-4.  Keywords:  control/ cyanotoxins/ modeling.

708.     Ferguson, J. R.; Lumbard, K. W.; Scheinmann, F.; Stachulski, A. V.; Stjernlöf, P.; and Sundell, S.  (1995).   Efficient new syntheses of (+) and (-)-anatoxin-a:  revised configuration of resolved 9-methyl-9-azabicyclo(4.2.1)nonan-2-one.   Tetrahed. Lett. 36(48):8867-8870.  Keywords:  efficient/ syntheses.

709.     Fergusson, K. M. and Saint, C. P.  (2000).   Molecular phylogeny of Anabaena circinalis and its identification in environmental samples by PCR.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(9):4145-4148.  Keywords:  phylogeny/ Anabaena circinalis/ identification/ PCR.

710.     Fergusson, K. M. and Saint, C. P.  (2003).   Multiplex PCR assay for Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria.   Environ. Toxicol. 18(2):120-125.  Keywords:  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cylindrospermopsin/ polyketicle synthase/ peptide synthetase/ multiplex PCR/ identification/ toxin cylindrospermopsin/ Umezakia natans/ Queensland/ Australia/ health/ blooms/ lakes.

711.     Ferrão-Filho, A. S. and Azevedo, S. M. F. O.  (2003).   Effects of unicellular and colonial forms of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa from laboratory cultures and natural populations on tropical cladocerans.   Aquat. Ecol. 37(1):23-35.  Keywords:  feeding inhibition/ growth bioassay/ life-table/ microcystins/ toxic cyanobacteria/ tropical zooplankton/ Jacarepagua Lagoon/ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil/ Microcystis aeruginosa.

712.     Ferrão-Filho, A. S.; Azevedo, S. M. F. O.; and DeMott, W. R.  (2000).   Effects of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria on the life history of tropical and temperate cladocerans.   Freshwater Biol. 45(1):1-19.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ effects/ cladocerans.

713.     Ferrão-Filho, A. S.; Domingos, P.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O.  (2002).   Influences of a Microcystis aeruginosa Kützing bloom on zooplankton populations in Jacarepagua Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).   Limnologica 32(4):295-308.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ tropical zooplankton/ Microcystis/ microcystins/ toxic effects/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ blue-green algae/ planktonic rotifers/ toxic cyanobacteria/ chemical defenses/ Daphnia/ food/ responses/ temperature/ cladocerans/ Jacarepagua Lagoon/ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

714.     Ferrão-Filho, A. S.; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B.; and Azevedo, S. M. F. O.  (2002).   Accumulation of microcystins by a tropical zooplankton community.   Aquat. Toxicol. 59(3-4):201-208.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystins/ zooplankton/ accumulation/ hypereutrophic/ tropical coastal lagoon/ Brazil.

715.     Ferreira, F. M. B.; Soler, J. M. F.; Fidalgo, M. L.; and Fernández-Vila, P.  (2001).   PSP toxins from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) collected in the Crestuma-Lever reservoir (Douro river, northern Portugal).   Toxicon 39(6):757-761.  Keywords:  PSP toxins/ RP-HPLC/ Aphanizomenon/ cyanobacteria/ Douro River/ Portugal.

716.     Ferris, M. J. and Hirsch, C. F.  (1991).   Method for isolation and purification of cyanobacteria.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(5):1448-1452.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ isolation/ purification.

717.     Feuerstein, G. and Sirén, A. L.  (1988).   Mechanisms of anatoxin-a induced shock.   Circ. Shock 24(4):278.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ shock.  (Meeting Abstract)

718.     Feuillade, J.  (1992).   Les toxines des cyanobacteries:  revue de synthese.   Rev. Sc. Eau. 5:489-508.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins.  (French)

719.     Feuillade, M.; Jann-Para, G.; and Feuillade, J.  (1996).   Toxic compounds to Artemia from blooms and isolates of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 138(2):175-186.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Planktothrix rebescens/ HPLC/ brine shrimp.

720.     Firkins, G. S.  (1953).   Toxic algae poisoning.   Iowa State Coll. Vet. 15:151.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.

721.     Fischer, D.; Schlösser, U. G.; and Pohl, P.  (1997).   Exopolysaccharide production by cyanobacteria grown in closed photobioreactors and immobilized using white cotton towelling.   J. Appl. Phycol. 9(3):105-213.  Keywords:  exopolysaccharides/ immobilization/ photobioreactors/ Chroococcus minutus/ Nostoc insulare.

722.     Fischer, W. J. and Dietrich, D. R.  (2000).   Pathological and biochemical characterization of microcystin-induced hepatopancreas and kidney damage in carp (Cyprinus carpio).   Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 164(1):73-81.  Keywords:  apoptosis/ fish/ histopathology/ immunochemistry/ liver/ hepatopancreas/ kidney/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase 1 and 2A/ toxin/ Cyprinus carpio.

723.     Fischer, W. J. and Dietrich, D. R.  (2000).   Toxicity of the cyanobacterial cyclic heptapeptide toxins microcystin-LR and -RR in early life-stages of the African clawed frog.   Aquat. Toxicol. 49(3):189-198.  Keywords:  Xenopus laevis/ microcystin/ cyanobacteria/ uptake/ protein phosphatase1 and 2A/ toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ microcystin-RR.

724.     Fischer, W. J.; Garthwaite, I.; Miles, C. O.; Ross, K. M.; Aggen, J. B.; Chamberlin, A. R.; Towers, N. R.; and Dietrich, D. R.  (2001).   Congener-independent immunoassay for microcystins and nodularins.   Environ. Sci. Technol. 35(24):4849-4856.  Keywords:  phosphatase inhibition assay/ linked immunosorbent assay/ blue-green algae/ antibodies/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ Anabaena/ Brazil/ toxins.

725.     Fischer, W. J.; Hagenbuch, B.; Cattori, V.; Meier, P. J.; and Dietrich, D. R.  (1999).   The cyclic heptapeptide microcystin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is transported by the human OATP.   Hepatology 30(4):1219.  Keywords:  microcystin/ transported/ human OATP.  (Meeting Abstract)

726.     Fischer, W. J.; Hitzfeld, B. C.; Tencalla, F.; Eriksson, J. E.; Mikhailov, A.; and Dietrich, D. R.  (2000).   Microcystin-LR toxicodynamics, induced pathology, and immunohistochemical localization in livers of blue-green algae exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).    Toxicol. Sci. 54(2):365-373.  Keywords:  isolated rat hepatocytes/ cyclic peptide toxin/ apoptosis/ fish/ histopathology/ immunohistochemistry/ liver/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase 1/ protein phosphatase 2A/ serum/ hepatotoxin/ Oncorhynchus mykiss.

727.     Fish, S. A. and Codd, G. A.  (1994).   Analysis of culture conditions controlling the yield of bioactive material produced by the thermotolerant cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) Phormidium.   Eur. J. Phycol. 29(4):261-266.  Keywords:  bioactive material/ cyanobacterium/ factorial design/ Phormidium/ siderophore.

728.     Fish, S. A. and Codd, G. A.  (1994).   Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity produced by an isolate of the thermotolerant cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Phormidium sp.   Biotechnol. Techniques 8(5):351-356.  Keywords:  antimicrobial activity/ cytotoxic activity/ cyanobacteria/ Phormidium.

729.     Fish, S. A. and Codd, G. A.  (1994).   Bioactive compound production by thermophilic and thermotolerant cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).   World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10:338-341.  Keywords:  anti-microbial products/ bioactive products/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ Phormidium.

730.     Fitch, C. P.; Bishop, L. M.; Boyd, W. L.; Gortner, R. A.; Rogers, C. F.; and Tilden, J. E.  (1934).   "Water bloom" as a cause of poisoning in domestic animals.   Cornell Vet. 24(1):30-39.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ animal poisoning.

731.     Fitzgeorge, R. B.; Clark, S. A.; and Keevil, C. W.  (1994).  Routes of intoxication.  In: G. A. Codd, T. M. Jefferies, C. W. Keevil, and E. Potter, (eds.)  Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins.  Royal Soc. Chem.: Cambridge.  pp. 69-74.  The Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial (Blue-green Algal) Toxins. Sept. 27-29, 1993; University of Bath, UK.  Keywords:  testing/ toxicity/ cyanobacteria.

732.     Fitzgerald, D. J.  (2001).  Cyanotoxins and human health—overview.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 179-190.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ human health.

733.     Fitzgerald, D. J.; Cunliffe, D. A.; and Burch, M. D.  (1999).   Development of health alerts for cyanobacteria and related toxins in drinking water in South Australia.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):203-209.  Keywords:  development/ health alerts/ toxins/ drinking water/ Australia.

734.     Fitzgerald, G. P.  (1964).  The biotic relationships within water blooms.  In: D. F. Jackson (ed.)  Algae and Man.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 300-306.  434 pp.  Keywords:  algae bloom/ sequence.

735.     Fitzgerald, G. P.  (1969).   Some factors in the competition or antagonism among bacteria, algae, and aquatic weeds.   J. Phycol. 5(4):351-359.  Keywords:  competition factors/ bacteria/ algae/ aquatic weeds.

736.     Fitzgerald, G. P.; Gerloff, G. C.; and Skoog, F.  (1952).   Stream pollution: studies on chemicals with selective toxicity to blue-green algae.   Sewage Ind. Wastes 24:888-896.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ stream pollution/ chemical studies.

737.     Fitzgerald, S. D. and Poppenga, R. H.  (1993).   Toxicosis due to microcystin hepatotoxins in three Holstein heifers.   J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5(4):651-653.  Keywords:  toxicosis/ microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ cattle deaths/ Michigan.

738.     Fladmark, K. E.; Brustugun, O. T.; Mellgren, G.; Krakstad, C.; Bøe, R.; Vintermyr, O. K.; Schulman, H.; and Døskeland, S. O.  (2002).   Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is required for microcystin-induced apoptosis.   J. Biol. Chem. 277(4):2804-2811.  Keywords:  light chain kinase/ multifunctional cam kinase/ okadaic acid/ phosphatase inhibitors/ catalytic activity/ calyculin A/ cell line/ calmodulin/ phosphorylation/ autophosphorylation.

739.     Fladmark, K. E.; Serres, M. H.; Larsen, N. L.; Yasumoto, T.; Aune, T.; and Døskeland, S. O.  (1998).   Sensitive detection of apoptogenic toxins in suspension cultures of rat and salmon hepatocytes.   Toxicon 36(8):1101-1114.  Keywords:  detection/ apoptogenic toxins/ rat/ salmon/ hepatocytes.

740.     Fleming, L. E.; Easom, J.; Baden, D.; Rowan, A.; and Levin, B.  (1999).   Emerging harmful algal blooms and human health— Pfiesteria and related organisms (review).   Toxicologic Pathol. 27(5):573-581.  Keywords:  Pfiesteria/ HABs/ human health.

741.     Flett, D.J. and Nicholson, B.C. (1991).   Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water Supplies.  Part 1. Development and Application of Analytical Techniques.   Urban Water Research Association of Australia: Research Report, 61 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ water supplies/ analytical techniques.

742.     Flint, E. A.  (1966).   Toxic algae in some New Zealand freshwater ponds.   NZ. Vet. J. 14:183-185.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ freshwater/ New Zealand.

743.     Flores, E. and Wolk, C. P.  (1986).   Production, by filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, of a bacteriocin and of other antibiotics that kill related strains.   Arch. Microbiol. 145:215-219.  Keywords:  antibiotics/ bacteriocin/ cyanobacteria/ Nostoc.

744.     Flury, T.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.; Fastner, J.; Neumann, U.; and Weckesser, J.  (2001).  Comparative evaluation of methods for assessing microcystin concentrations with a variety of field samples.  In: I. Chrous (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 330-339.  357 pp.  Keywords:  method evaluation/ microcystin concentrations.

745.     Fontal, O. I.; Vieytes, M. R.; Baptista de Sousa, J. M. V.; Louzao, M. C.; and Botana, L. M.  (1999).   A fluorescent microplate assay for microcystin-LR.   Analyt. Biochem.  269(2):289-296.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ assay.

746.     Forchert, A.; Neumann, U.; and Papendorf, O.  (2001).  New cyanobacterial substances with bioactive properties.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 295-315.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ bioactive properties.

747.     Forro, E.; Arva, J.; and Fulop, F.  (2001).   Preparation of (1R,8S)- and (1S,8R)-9-azabicyclo[6.2.0]dec-4-en-10-one:  potential starting compounds for the synthesis of anatoxin-a.   Tetrahed.-Asymmetry 12(4):643-649.  Keywords:  enzymatic resolution/ cyanobacterial toxins.

748.     Forsyth, D. J.; Haney, J. F.; and James, M. R.  (1992).   Direct observation of toxic effects of cyanobacterial extracellular products on Daphnia.   Hydrobiologia  228(2):151-155.  Keywords:  observation/ toxic effects/ Daphnia.

749.     Forus, I. and Flesja, K. I.  (1979).   Blagronnalgeforgiftning hos storfe (Blue-green algal poisoning of cattle).   Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 91:427-430.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Norwegian)

750.     Foulds, I. V.; Granacki, A.; Xiao, C.; Krull, U. J.; Castle, A.; and Horgen, P. A.  (2002).   Quantification of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria and E-coli in water by 5 '-nuclease PCR.   J. Appl. Microbiol. 93 (5):825-834.  Keywords:  polymerase chain-reaction/ cyclic heptapeptide/ microcystin/ peptide synthetase genes/ beta-d- galactosidase/ Escherichia coli/ recreational waters/ fecal-coliforms/ probes/ amplification/ bacteria.

751.     Fournie, J. W. and Courtney, L. A.  (2002).   Histopathological evidence of regeneration following hepatotoxic effects of the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR in the hardhead catfish and gulf killifish.   J. Aquat. Animal Health 14(4):273-280.  Keywords:  trout Oncorhynchus mykiss/ cyclic peptide toxin/ Cyprinus carpio L./ netpen liver disease/ rainbow trout/ hepatocytes/ pathology/ toxicity/ fishes.

752.     Foxall, T. L.  (1981).  Effects of a Hepatic Toxin from the Cyanophyte, Microcystis aeruginosa.  Ph.D. Thesis.  University of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H. 116 pp.  [Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 41(11):4031-4032].  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

753.     Foxall, T. L. and Sasner Jr., J. J.  (1981).  Effects of a hepatic toxin from the cyanophyte Microcystis aeruginosa.  In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 365-387.  491 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin.

754.     Fradkin, S. C. and Gilbert, J. J.  (1996).   Daphnia vertical distribution and the presence of toxic cyanobacteria.   Hydrobiologia 339(1-3):7-12.  Keywords:  Anabaena/ avoidance/ Daphnia/ toxicity/ vertical distribution.

755.     Francis, G.  (1878).   Poisonous Australian lake.   Nature 18:11-12.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Australia.

756.     Franco, J. M. and Fernández-Vila, P.  (1993).   Separation of paralytic shellfish toxins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, with postcolumn reaction and fluorimetric detection.   Chromatographia 35:9-12.  Keywords:  column liquid chromatography/ ion pairing/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ dinoflagellate cultures/ toxic molluscs.

757.     Frangez, R.; Zuzek, M. C.; Mrkun, J.; Suput, D.; Sedmak, B.; and Kosec, M.  (2003).   Microcystin-LR affects cytoskeleton and morphology of rabbit primary whole embryo cultured cells in vitro.   Toxicon 41(8):999-1005.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystin-LR/ rabbit embryo/ actin filaments/ microtubules/ cytoskeleton/ laser scanning microscope.

758.     Frank, C. A. P.  (2002).   Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in recreational waters in southwestern Germany.   Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):361-366.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Microcystis/ nutrients/ toxins/ microcystin/ toxin equivalents/ recreational lakes/ southwestern Germany.

759.     Frank, C. A. P. and Wolf, H-U.  (2002).   Assessment of causes, frequency and toxicological significance of toxic cyanobacteria blooms in recreational waters in south-west Germany.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 28(4):1775-1778.  Keywords:  microcystin/ cyanobacterial blooms/ causes/ frequency/ toxicological significance/ recreational waters/ Germany.

760.     Frankmölle, W. P.; Knübel, G.; Moore, R. E.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1992).   Antifungal cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-algae Anabaena laxa.  II. Structures of laxaphycins, A, B, D and E.   J. Antibiot. 45(9):1458-1466.  Keywords:  antifungal cyclic peptides/ Anabaena laxa/ structures.

761.     Frankmölle, W. P.; Larsen, L. K.; Caplan, F. R.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Knübel, G.; Levine, I. A.; and Moore, R. E.  (1992).   Antifungal cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-green alga Anabaena laxa.  I. Isolation and biological properties.   J. Antibiot. 45(9):1451-1457.  Keywords:  antifungal cyclic peptides/ Anabaena laxa/ isolation/ biological properties.

762.     Franz, D. R.; LeClaire, R. D.; Lawrence, W. B.; and Bunner, D. L.  (1988).   No effect of modulators of reactive oxygen-induced pathology on microcystin-LR intoxication.   Toxicon 26(11):1098-1101.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ microcystin-LR.

763.     Frazier, K.; Colvin, B.; Styer, E.; Hullinger, G.; and Garcia, R.  (1998).   Microcystin toxicosis in cattle due to overgrowth of blue-green algae.   Vet. Human Toxicol. 40(1):23-24.  Keywords:  cattle toxicosis/ microcystin/ hepatotoxins/ hepatocytes/ toxicity/ toxin.

764.     Freeman, K.  (2000).   Psychic networks—training computers to predict algal blooms.   Environ. Health Perspect. 108(10):A464-A467.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ waterblooms/ computer predictions.

765.     Fromme, H.; Kohler, A.; Krause, R.; and Fuhrling, D.  (2000).   Occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins—microcystins and anatoxin-a—in Berlin water bodies with implications to human health and regulations.   Environ. Toxicol. 15(2):120-130.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ surface water/ microcystin/ anatoxin-a/ risk assessment/ risk management/ Berlin rivers Spree, Dahme and Havel/ Germany.

766.     Froscio, S. M.; Humpage, A. R.; Burcham, P. C.; and Falconer, I. R.  (2001).   Cell-free protein synthesis inhibition assay for the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin.   Environ. Toxicol. 16(5):408-412.  Keywords:  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ toxicity assay/ reticulocyte lysate.

767.     Fujii, K.; Harada, K-I.; Suzuki, M.; Kondo, F.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Sivonen, K.  (1996).  Occurrence of novel cyclic peptides together with microcystins from toxin cyanobacteria, Anabaena species.  In: T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima, and Y. Fukuyo, (eds.)  Harmful & Toxic Algal Blooms Proceedings of the 7^th International Conference on Toxic Phytoplankton, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.  UNESCO: Paris.  pp. 559-562.  July 12-16, 1995; Sendai, Japan.  Keywords:  occurrence/ cyclic peptides/ microcystins.

768.     Fujii, K.; Mayumi, T.; Noguchi, K.; Kashiwagi, T.; Akashi, S.; Sivonen, K.; Hirayama, K.; and Harada, K-I.  (2000).   Mass spectrometric studies of peptides from cyanobacteria under FAB MS/MS conditions.   J. Mass Spec. Soc. Jap. 48(1):56-64.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ peptides/ mass spectrometry/ MS-MS.

769.     Fujii, K.; Shimoya, T.; Ikai, Y.; Oka, H.; and Harada, K-I.  (1998).   Further application of advanced Marfey's method for determination of absolute configuration of primary amino compound.   Tetrahed. Lett. 39(17):2579-2582.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Marfey's method/ configuration.

770.     Fujii, K.; Sivonen, K.; Naganawa, E.; and Harada, K-I.  (2000).   Non-toxic peptides from toxic cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria agardhii.   Tetrahed.  56(5):725-733.  Keywords:  non-toxic peptides/ cyanotoxin/ Oscillatoria agardhii.

771.     Fujii, K.; Sivonen, K.; Nakano, T.; and Harada, K.  (2002).   Structural elucidation of cyanobacterial peptides encoded by peptide synthetase gene in Anabaena species.   Tetrahed. 58(34):6863-6871.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial peptides/ peptide synthetase gene/ microcystins/ advanced Marfey's method/ Anabaena.

772.     Fujiki, H.  (1992).   Is the inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A activities a general mechanism of tumor promotion in human cancer development?   Mol. Carcinog. 5(2):91-94.  Keywords:  okadaic acid/ okadaic acid pathway/ sustained hyperphosphorylation/ inactivation of suppressor function/ tumor promotion/ human cancer.

773.     Fujiki, H.; Ikegami, K.; Hakii, H.; Suganuma, M.; Yamaizumi, Z.; Yamazato, K.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T.  (1985).   A blue-green alga from Okinawa contains aplysiatoxins, the third class of tumor promoters.   Jap. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 76:257-259.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ tumor promoter/ Swimmer's itch/ Japan.

774.     Fujiki, H.; Matsushima, R.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suganuma, M.; Nishiwaki, S.; Ishikawa, T.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1991).  Liver tumor promotion through the okadaic acid pathway—inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.  In: 82^nd Annual Meeting.  Issue 32,  pp. 157.  Proceedings of the Annual Meeting — American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting. May 1991; Houston, Texas.  Keywords:  liver/ tumor promotion/ okadaic acid pathway/ inhibition/ PP1/ PP2A.

775.     Fujiki, H.; Mori, M.; Nakayasu, M.; Terada, M.; Sugimura, T.; and Moore, R. E.  (1981).   Indole alkaloids: dihydroteleocidin B, teleocidin, and lyngbyatoxin A as members of a new class of tumor promoters.   Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78(6):3872-3876.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ lyngbyatoxin A/ alkaloids/ tumor promoters.

776.     Fujiki, H.; Sueoka, E.; Komori, A.; and Suganuma, M.  (1997).   Tumor promotion and TNF-a gene expression by the okadaic acid class tumor promoters.   Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. C15(1):1-40.  Keywords:  tumor promotion/ okadaic acid/ protein phosphatase 1 inhibition/ protein phosphatases 2A inhibition.

777.     Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M.  (1996).   Naturally-derived tumor promoters and inhibitors of carcinogenesis.   J. Toxicol. - Toxin Rev. 15(2):129-156.  Keywords:  tumor promoters/ tumor inhibitors.

778.     Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M.  (1993).   Tumor promotion by inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A:  the okadaic acid class of compounds.   Adv. Cancer Res. 61:143-194.  Keywords:  tumor promotion/ okadaic acid.

779.     Fujiki, H. and Suganuma, M.  (1999).   Unique features of the okadaic acid activity class of tumor promoters.   J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 125(3-4):150-155.  Keywords:  inhibition of PP1 and PP2A/ okadaic acid pathway/ TNF-a gene expression and release/ TNF-a pathway/ TPA pathway.

780.     Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Hakii, H.; Bartolini, G.; Moore, R. E.; Takayama, S.; and Sugimura, T.  (1984).   A two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis study of lyngbyatoxin A.   J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 108:174-176.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Lyngbya/ tumor promoters/ lyngbyatoxin A/ teleocidin/ mouse skin.

781.     Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Hirota, M.; Yoshizawa, S.; Suguri, H.; Suttajit, M.; Wongchai, V.; and Sugimura, T.  (1987).  Environmental aspects of new tumor promoters as human risk factors.  In: T. Wada, K. Aoki, and A. Yachi (eds.)  Current Status of Cancer Research in Asia, the Middle East and Other Countries.  Univ. of Nagoya Press: Nagoya, Japan,  pp. 215-226.   Keywords:  tumor promoters/ human risk factors.

782.     Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Komori, A.; Okabe, S.; Sueoka, E.; Sueoka, N.; Kozu, T.; and Tada, Y.  (1998).  Natural inhibitors of carcinogenesis.  In: Y. Martinet, F. R. Hirsch, N. Martinet, J-M. Vignaud, and J. L. Mulshine (eds.)  Clinical and Biological Basis of Lung Cancer Prevention.  Birkhauser Verlag: Basel/Switzerland,  pp. 285-290, Ch. 25.   Keywords:  carcinogenesis/ natural inhibitors.

783.     Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Matsukura, N.; Sugimura, T.; and Takayama, S.  (1982).   Teleocidin from Streptomyces is a potent promoter of mouse skin carcinogenesis.   Carcinogenesis 3(8):895-898.  Keywords:  teleocidin/ Streptomyces/ promoter/ mouse skin/ carcinogenesis.

784.     Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Nakayasu, M.; Hoshino, H.; Moore, R. E.; and Sugimura, T.  (1982).   The third class of new tumor promoters, polyacetates (debromoaplysiatoxin and aplysiatoxin) can differentiate biological actions relevant to tumor promoters.   Gann (Jap. J. Cancer Res.) 73(3):495-497.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ tumor promoters/ aplysiatoxin/ polyacetate/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ ornithine decarboxylase/ adhesion of HL-60 cell.